Table Of ContentThe Hydrogen Atom
The Hydrogen Atom
Proceedings of the Symposium,
Held in Pisa, Italy, June 30 -July 2, 1988
Editors: G. F. Bassani, M.lnguscio,
w.
and t Hansch
With 157 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Professor G. Franco Bassani
Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 1-56100 Pisa, Italy
Professor Massimo Inguscio
Universita di Napoli, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche,
Pad. 20 Mestra d'Oltremare, 1-80125 Napoli, Italy
Professor Dr. Theodor W. Ha.nsch
Max-Planck-Institut fOr Quantenoptik, Ludwig-Prandtl-StraBe 10,
Postfach 1513, D-8046 Garching, Fed. Rep. of Germany
ISBN 978-3-642-88423-8 ISBN 978-3-642-88421-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-88421-4
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Preface
The idea of having a symposium on the hydrogen atom arose from our many
discussions of the fact that the simplicity and generality of physics are often
obscured by the endless sophistication of the theoretical analyses and the enormous
variety of experimental techniques.
Nowadays we have periodic international conferences on atomic physics, on
laser spectroscopy, and on quantum electronics, where all aspects of the theory of
interaction of radiation with matter are discussed and new techniques and experi
mental results are presented. However, none of these conferences brings together
and shows the connections between the major physical ideas on which the differ
ent branches of modem physics are based. It occurred to us that a good way to
achieve this goal would be to organize a symposium around the simplest bound
quantum system, the system which stimulated the birth of modem physics, the
system in which effects associated with electro-magnetic interactions, quantum
physics, and relativity can be measured with the highest accuracy, thus making
possible the most rigorous tests of the theories of these effects. That system is, of
course, the hydrogen atom.
The fact that the solutions of the Schrooinger and of the Dirac equations
for hydrogen are given in textbooks as well as treatments of hyperfine splittings
and quantum electrodynamic corrections, and the long history of these subjects,
could make people think that this is an old-fashioned topic, not appropriate for a
stimulating symposium. But as we went on to review the progress recently made in
studies of the hydrogen atom, we found the opposite to be true. The exploration of
hydrogen has led to the development of powerful new techniques and experimental
tools, greatly advancing the frontiers of spectroscopy. The possibility of producing
new hydrogenic atoms with all types of particles and antiparticles has opened up
completely new fields, further extending the role of the hydrogen atom as an ideal
testing ground for the theory of elementary particles and their interactions, and
for the quantum theory of matter and radiation.
After that we invited people from all over the world, belonging to different
scientific communities, to present the latest results of their investigations of hy
drogenic systems. We were gratified by their enthusiastic response and by their
participation. The symposium was held at the Scuola Normale in Pisa at the end
of June, and we believe the participants became more convinced than ever of
the unity of physics and of the key role that the hydrogen atom is playing and
will continue to play in the future. We wish to thank all the participants, and
in particular F.T. Arecchi, R. Barbieri, B. Cagnac, L. Foa, J. Gay, A. Gozzini,
v
H. Layer, G. zu Putlitz, L.A. Radicati, and F. Strumia, who agreed to chair the
various sessions. We are also grateful to the sponsoring institutions listed before
this preface.
In organizing the material for these proceedings, we decided to subdivide it
into four chapters, according to the most recent developments in the exploration
of hydrogenic systems.
In the first chapter we have included a number of subjects which originate from
the enormous improvements in spectroscopic techniques, such as those involving
two-photon spectroscopy, atom trapping and Rydberg state transitions. Values of
universal constants of extreme accuracy, as well as of hyperfine splittings and of
radiative corrections have been obtained by these methods.
In the second chapter we consider more exotic two-particle systems: the
hydrogen-like ions with large relativistic effects, positronium and muonium with
their large hyperfine splittings, antihydrogen, and a new atom formed by a proton
and an antiproton - with excitation spectrum in the X-ray region.
In the third chapter we present the contributions dealing with quantum electro
dynamics corrections, including the weak interaction effects which lead to parity
lion-conserving transitions. An original presentation of the field by C. Cohen
Tannoudji has not been reported here, because it appears in the new book on the
interaction of photons and atoms by him, J. Dupont-Roc, and G. Grynberg.
Finally, in the last chapter, we include all papers dealing with transitions in
strong fields to discrete and continuum states, where chaotic behavior becomes
relevant.
Though many of the above described phenomena are treated in a number of
books, and some of them in the new book on the spectrum of atomic hydrogen
edited by G.W. Series, we hope that our effort to collect in one book information
on as many as possible of the fascinating aspects of the physics of the hydrogen
atom will be found useful.
Pisa, Italy F. Bassani
January 1989 T.W.Hiinsch
M.lnguscio
VI
- - - - - ; V l l
Contents
Part I Precision Spectroscopy of Hydrogen: Fundamental Physics
and Universal Constants
The Hydrogen Atom (An Historical Account of Studies of Its Spectrum)
By G.W. Series (With 1 Figure) ............................ 2
futerference of the Hydrogen Atom States (n=2)
By Yu.L. Sokolov (With 12 Figures) ......................... 16
Separated Oscillatory Field Measurement of the Lamb Shift in H, n=2
By F.M. Pipkin (With 7 Figures) ........................... 30
Hydrogen Spectroscopy and Fundamental Physics
By W. Lichten (With 2 Figures) ............................ 39
Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Rydberg States:
Remeasurement of Roo
By M. Allegrini, F. Biraben, B. Cagnac, J.C. Garreau, and L. Julien
(With 9 Figures) ................................... . . . . 49
Two-Photon Transitions Between Discrete States
By A Quattropani and N. Binggeli (With 1 Figure) 61
Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Hydrogen IS-2S
By D.N. Stacey (With 4 Figures) ........................... 68
IS-2S Transition-Frequency Calibration
By AI. Ferguson, J.M. Tolchard, and M.A Persaud (With 8 Figures) 81
High Resolution Spectroscopy of Hydrogen
By T.W. Hiinsch (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Trapped Atomic Hydrogen
By D. Kleppner (With 2 Figures) 103
Atomic Hydrogen in a Magnetic Trapping Field
By J.T.M. Walraven, R. van Roijen, and T.W. Hijmans (With 6 Figures) 112
Frequency Standards in the Optical Spectrum
By D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, F. Diedrich,
and C.S. Weimer (With 2 Figures) .......................... 123
IX
Precision RF Spectroscopy of Circular Rydberg Atoms
By M. Gross, J. Hare, P. Goy, and S. Haroche (With 3 Figures) 134
PartIl Positronium, Muonium, and Other Hydrogen-Like Systems
Laser Spectroscopy of Positronium and Muonium
By S. Chu (With 6 Figures) ............................... 144
Positronium Decay Rates
By A. Rich, R.S. Conti, D.W. Gidley, and P.W. Zitzewitz
(With 2 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
New Schemes for the Production and Spectroscopy of Positronium
By G. Werth (With 5 Figures) ............................. 161
Some Recent Advances in Muonium
By V.W. Hughes (With 11 Figures) 171
Transitions in Muonic Helium Ions Induced by Laser Radiation
By E. Zavattini (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
Positrons for Low Energy Antibydrogen Production
By G. Gabrielse and B.L. Brown (With 2 Figures) ............... 196
Antibydrogen by Positronium-Antiproton Interaction
By B.1. Deutch (With 1 Figure) ............................ 210
Antiprotonic Hydrogen
By E. Klempt (With 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211
The Spectroscopy of Hydrogen-Like Highly Ionised Atoms
By J.D. Silver (With 5 Figures) ............................ 221
PartID Quantum Electrodynamics and Beyond
The Bound State Problem in QED
By A. Hill, F. Ortolani, and E. Remiddi (With 3 Figures) 240
Electron g - 2 and High Precision Determination of a
By T. Kinoshita ....................................... 247
General QED/QCD Aspects of Simple Systems
By V.L. Telegdi and S.J. Brodsky (With 4 Figures) ............... 257
Search for Parity Nonconservation in Hydrogen
By E.A. Hinds (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268
Part IV Hydrogen in Strong Fields and Chaos
Multiphoton Transition to the Continuum of Atomic Hydrogen
By N.K. Rahman (With 1 Figure) ........................... 274
x
Hydrogen in Strong DC and Low Frequency Electric Fields - One
Dimensional Atoms
By M.H. Nayfeh, D. Humm, and M. Peercy (With 23 Figures) ....... 280
Hydrogen Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields - in the Laboratory and in the
Cosmos
By G. Wunner, W. Schweizer, and H. Ruder (With 7 Figures) ....... 300
Theory of Chaos in the Atomic Hydrogen
By G. Casati (With I Figure) .............................. 311
Quantum Chaos and the Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields
By D. Delande and J.-C. Gay (With 6 Figures) .................. 323
Highly Excited Hydrogen in Strong Microwaves: Experimental Tests for
Classically Chaotic Semiclassical Dynamics and for Quantum Localization
By J.E. Bayfield and D.W. Sokol (With 4 Figures) ............... 335
Quasi-Landau Spectrum of the Chaotic Diamagnetic Hydrogen Atom
By A. Holle, J. Main, G. Wiebusch, H. Rottke, and K.H. Welge
(With 5 Figures) ....................................... 344
Index of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353
XI
Part I
Precision Spectroscopy of Hydrogen:
Fundamental Physics and Universal Constants
