Table Of ContentThe History of Negation in the Languages
of Europe and the Mediterranean
Volume I:
Case Studies
OXFORD STUDIES IN DIACHRONIC AND
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
general editors
AdamLedgewayandIanRoberts,UniversityofCambridge
advisory editors
CynthiaAllen,AustralianNationalUniversity;RicardoBermúdez-Otero,University
ofManchester;TheresaBiberauer,UniversityofCambridge;CharlotteGalves,
UniversityofCampinas;GeoffHorrocks,UniversityofCambridge;PaulKiparsky,
StanfordUniversity;AnthonyKroch,UniversityofPennsylvania;DavidLightfoot,
GeorgetownUniversity;GiuseppeLongobardi,UniversityofYork;DavidWillis,
UniversityofCambridge
recently published in the series
3
CaseinSemitic
Roles,Relations,andReconstruction
RebeccaHasselbach
4
TheBoundariesofPureMorphology
DiachronicandSynchronicPerspectives
EditedbySilvioCruschina,MartinMaiden,andJohnCharlesSmith
5
TheHistoryofNegationintheLanguagesofEuropeandtheMediterranean
VolumeI:CaseStudies
EditedbyDavidWillis,ChristopherLucas,andAnneBreitbarth
6
ConstructionalizationandConstructionalChanges
ElizabethTraugottandGraemeTrousdale
forthcoming
TheHistoryofNegationintheLanguagesofEuropeandtheMediterranean
VolumeII:PatternsandProcesses
DavidWillis,ChristopherLucas,andAnneBreitbarth
[Foracompletelistofbookspublishedandinpreparationfortheseriesseepp.534–5.]
The History of Negation
in the Languages of
Europe and the
Mediterranean
Volume I: Case Studies
Edited by
DAVID WILLIS, CHRISTOPHER LUCAS,
AND ANNE BREITBARTH
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,ox26dp,
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Contents
Seriespreface ix
Preface x
Listoftables xi
Listoffigures xiv
Listofgrammaticalglossesandabbreviations xv
Listofcontributors xix
1. Comparingdiachroniesofnegation 1
DavidWillis,ChristopherLucas,andAnneBreitbarth
1.1 Sententialnegation 4
1.2 Jespersen’scycle 6
1.3 Thecross-linguisticdistributionofJespersen’scycle 9
1.4 Reanalysis,bridgingcontexts,andincipientmarkersofnegation 13
1.5 ProgressionthroughJespersen’scycle:howmanystagesandhowfast? 20
1.6 Croft’scycle 23
1.7 Otherpathways 25
1.8 Indefinites:basicconcepts 27
1.9 Cyclicdevelopmentsinindefinites 35
1.10 Shiftsinstrictandnon-strictnegativeconcord 40
1.11 InteractionsbetweennegativeconcordandJespersen’scycle 41
1.12 Negativeimperativesandprohibitives 44
1.13 Contact-inducedchangeinnegation 47
1.14 Summary 50
2. NegationinthehistoryofFrench 51
Maj-BrittMosegaardHansen
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 StandardnegationinthehistoryofFrench 53
2.3 ThequantifiercycleinFrench 67
2.4 Negationininfinitivalclauses 74
2.5 Conclusion 76
vi Contents
3. NegationinthehistoryofItalo-Romance 77
MairParry
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Jespersen’scycleinItalo-Romance 78
3.3 Structuralanalyses 89
3.4 Functionalanalysesofthedevelopment 94
3.5 Interrogativesandexclamatives 97
3.6 Prohibitionandnegatedinfinitives 100
3.7 Negativepronounsandadverbs 106
3.8 Negativeconcord 112
3.9 Constituentnegation 117
3.10 Conclusion 118
4. NegationinthehistoryofEnglish 119
RichardIngham
4.1 Preliminaries 119
4.2 Thedevelopmentofclausenegation 123
4.3 Changesinthesyntaxofnegativeclauses 133
4.4 Thedevelopmentofindefinitesinthescopeofnegation 140
4.5 Summaryandconclusions 147
5. Negationinthehistoryof(High)German 151
AgnesJäger
5.1 Developmentofthenegativeparticle 151
5.2 Indefinitesinthescopeofnegationandnegativeconcord 170
5.3 Furtherwaysofmarkingnegation 182
5.4 Summary 188
6. NegationinthehistoryofLowGermanandDutch 190
AnneBreitbarth
6.1 Introduction:LowGermanandDutch 190
6.2 ThedevelopmentofsententialnegationinLowGermanandDutch 192
6.3 Indefinitesinthescopeofnegation 212
6.4 Thedevelopmentofnegation 227
6.5 Conclusion 235
7. NegationinthehistoryoftheBrythonicCelticlanguages 239
DavidWillis
7.1 Introduction 239
7.2 Textualandlinguisticbackground 241
Contents vii
7.3 TheWelshJespersencycle 242
7.4 TheBretonJespersencycle 251
7.5 SententialnegationinCornish 256
7.6 Welshindefinites 257
7.7 Bretonindefinites 274
7.8 Cornishindefinites 280
7.9 IssuesinthereconstructionofBrythonicindefinites 282
7.10 Negativeobjectsandnegativeinfinitives 288
7.11 Constituentandfocusnegation 291
7.12 Negativeimperatives 293
7.13 Conclusion 296
8. NegationinthehistoryofGreek 299
JoWillmott
8.1 Introduction 299
8.2 Thedevelopmentofoutoden:Jespersen’scycleatwork? 299
8.3 Thedevelopmentofminfrommē:aconstellationalapproach? 308
8.4 Thedifferencebetweenthetwonegators 324
8.5 Negativeconcord 328
8.6 Negativeimperatives 334
8.7 Conclusions 339
9. NegationinthehistoryoftheSlavoniclanguages 341
DavidWillis
9.1 Introduction 341
9.2 Textualandlinguisticbackground 342
9.3 Sententialnegation 344
9.4 Genitiveofnegation 349
9.5 Negativeconcordandnegativeindefinites 368
9.6 Conclusion 397
10. NegationinthehistoryofArabicandAfro-Asiatic 399
ChristopherLucas
10.1 Introduction 399
10.2 Developmentsintheexpressionofnegation 404
10.3 Developmentsinindefinitesystems 425
10.4 Conclusion 451
11. NegationinthehistoryoftheMordvinlanguages 453
ArjaHamari
11.1 Introduction 453
11.2 NegationinProto-UralicvsnegationinmodernMordvinlanguages 454
viii Contents
11.3 Thepreservednegativeauxiliaries 457
11.4 Fromnegativeauxiliariestonegativeparticles 461
11.5 Thefusionofanegativeparticleandaverbmeaning‘be’ 470
11.6 Negativenouns 475
11.7 ThenegativesuffixofMoksha 481
11.8 Theindefinites 481
11.9 Conclusions 484
References 486
Indexoflanguages 525
Indexofsubjects 530
Series preface
Modern diachronic linguistics has important contacts with other subdisciplines,
notably first-language acquisition, learnability theory, computational linguistics,
sociolinguistics, and the traditional philological study of texts. It is now recognized
in the wider field that diachronic linguistics can make a novel contribution to
linguistic theory, to historical linguistics, and arguably to cognitive science more
widely.
Thisseriesprovidesaforumforworkinbothdiachronicandhistoricallinguistics,
including work on change in grammar, sound, and meaning within and across
languages; synchronic studies of languages in the past; and descriptive histories of
oneormorelanguages.Itisintendedtoreflectandencouragethelinksbetweenthese
subjectsandfieldssuchasthosementionedabove.
The goal of the series is to publish high-quality monographs and collections of
papersindiachroniclinguisticsgenerally,i.e.studiesfocussingonchangeinlinguis-
tic structure, and/or change in grammars, which are also intended to make a
contribution to linguistic theory, by developing and adopting a current theoretical
model, by raising wider questions concerning the nature of language change, or by
developing theoretical connections with other areas of linguistics and cognitive
science as listed above. There is no bias towards a particular language or language
family,ortowardsaparticulartheoreticalframework;workinalltheoreticalframe-
works,and work based on the descriptive tradition oflanguage typology,as well as
quantitativelybasedworkusingtheoreticalideas,alsofeatureintheseries.
AdamLedgewayandIanRoberts
UniversityofCambridge
