The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography

879 Pages·2007·42.14 MB·English

by  Michael R. Peres

Focal Encyclopedia of
Photography
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Focal Encyclopedia of
Photography
Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications,
History, and Science
Fourth Edition
MICHAEL R. PERES
Editor-in-Chief
(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON
(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)
NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO
(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)
SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Contents
Contributors ix Major Themes and Photographers Photography’s Dependence on
Photographers and Image of the 20th Century 177 Equipment 297
Contributors xiii Nancy M. Stuart Michael R. Peres and Greg Barnett
About the Editors xix
Photography in the 20th Century 179 Profi les of Selected Photographic
Mission Statement xxi
Nancy M. Stuart Film and Digital Companies 301
Preface xxiii
Michael R. Peres
Acknowledgments xxvii Photography, Fine Art Photography, and
Introduction xxix the Visual Arts: 1900–2001 180 Overviews of Selected Applications
Saul Ostrow of Photography 320
Michael R. Peres
Timelines 00 Photography and Society in the 20th
Century 187 Applications of Advertising
Advances in Photographic Gretchen Garner Photography 321
Denis Defi baugh
Technology 00 Photography and Desire: Fashion,
Michael Peres Glamour, and Pornography 198 Catalog Photography 322
Bruce Checefsky Howard LeVant
Advancement of Digital Photography
and Related Technologies Photography Programs in the 20th Commercial Photography 323
Timetable 15 Century Museums, Galleries, and George Cochran
Roger L. Carter Collections 205 Food Photography 323
Lynne Bentley-Kemp
Allan Vogel
History and the Evolution of Photographic Higher Education in the Illustration Photography 324
Photography 23 United States 210
George Cochran
Nancy M. Stuart
Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer
Still-Life Photography 324
Photographic Workshops: A Changing
Contemporary Thoughts on the Denis Defi baugh
Educational Practice 215
History of Photography 25
Christopher Burnett Architectural Photography 325
Grant B. Romer
William W. DuBois
Magazines: The Photographers’ Press
The Technical Evolution of in the United States and Great Britain Corporate Photography 326
Photography in the 19th Century 27 During the Transition Decade of the Kathleen Francis
Mark Osterman 1960s 222
Dance and Theater Photography 327
David Brittain
Introduction to Photographic Kathleen Francis
Equipment, Processes, and Histories, Theories, Criticism 227 Theatrical Photography 329
Defi nitions of the 19th Century 36 Gary Sampson Kathleen Francis
Mark Osterman African Americans as Photographers
Freelance Photography 330
and Photographic Subjects 234
Introduction to the Biographies of Kathleen Francis
David C. Hart
Selected Innovators of Photographic Identifi cation Photography 330
Technology 123 Biographies of Selected
Kathleen Francis
Grant B. Romer Photographers from the 20th
Century 239 Industrial Photography 332
Selected Photographs from the Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and Kathleen Francis
19th Century 135 Garie Waltzer Landscape Photography 333
Mark Osterman
Denis Defi baugh
Evolution of the Photographic Lens Photographic Companies and Narrative, Documentary, and Editorial
in the 19th Century 157 Applications 295 Photography 334
Milan Zahorcak Michael R. Peres Owen Butler
v
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vi Contents
Orb Photography 337 Color Management in the Future 400 The Pressure to Stay Current 484
Michael R. Peres Jean-Pierre van de Capelle Barry Haynes
Panoramic Photography 338 Digital Camera Raw 401 Science as Art 492
Andrew Davidhazy Greg Barnett Michael R. Peres and David Malin
Photojournalism 339 Digital Image Processing 403
Scientifi c Photography: Expanded
Guenther Cartwright Lukas Rosenthaler
Vision 497
Postcard Photography 341 Metadata and Digital
David Malin
Kathleen Francis Photography 411
The Aided Eye 499
Simon Margulies
Portrait Photography 341
David Malin
Kathleen Francis Spectral Imaging 418
Acoustic Holography 501
Mitchell R. Rosen
School Photography 344
David Malin
Thomas Gorman Creative Applications of Digital
Photography, the Aerial Photography 501
Snapshot Photography 346
Scan-O-Gram 422 David Malin and Donald L. Light
Richard Zakia
Patti Russotti Anthropological Photography 504
Sports Photography 349
Glossary of Digital Terminology 425 John Fergus-Jean
Kathleen Francis
Archaeological Photography 506
Stock Photography 350
Matt Schlitz
Henry Schleichkorn Contemporary Issues 437
J. Tomas Lopez Astrophotography 508
Wedding Photography 353
David Malin and Dennis di Cicco
George Schaub A Different Set of Questions for a New
Age 439 Autoradiography 513
J. Tomas Lopez David Malin
Digital Photography 355 Academic and Pedagogical Issues: Ballistics Photography 513
Franziska S. Frey The Impact of Digital Imaging on Peter W.W. Fuller
Photographic Education 441
Digital, a Maturing Technology 357 Biological Photography 518
Margaret P. Evans
Franziska S. Frey Joseph M. Ogrodnick
Ethical Photojournalism: Its
Digital Archiving 359 Botanical Photography 521
Authenticity and Impact 446
Lukas Rosenthaler Paul Harcourt-Davis
John Kaplan
Imaging Systems 364 Cave Photography 523
The Future of Publishing 453
Romano Padeste David Malin
Millard Schisler
Solid State Imaging Sensors 370 Chronophotography 524
100 Years from Now… 456
Michael Kriss Andrew Davidhazy
Daniel Burge
Standards and Imaging Darkfi eld Illumination 526
Perception, Evidence, Truth, and
Materials 372 David Malin
Seeing 460
Peter Adelstein
Richard Zakia Dental Photography 527
Digital Camera Testing 377 Wolfgang Bengel
The Photo Marketplace and
Dietmar Wüller
Contemporary Image Makers 469 Electron Imaging 529
Image Formation 382 Daile Kaplan Richard Zakia and Dougal G. McCulloch
Sabine Süsstrunk
The Photographic Studio of the 21st Electron Microscopy 529
Colorimetry 388 Century 471 Dougal G. McCulloch
Sabine Süsstrunk Doug Manchee
Endoscopic Photography 532
Color Spaces, Color Encodings, and Photographic Virtual Reality 477 Andrew Paul Gardner
Color Image Encodings 394 John (Craig) Freeman
False-Color Photography 533
Sabine Süsstrunk
Potlatch, Auction, and the In-between: David Malin
Color Management 398 Digital Art and Digital Audiences 480
Fluorescence Photography 533
Sabine Süsstrunk A.D. Coleman
David Malin
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Contents vii
Forensic Photography 535 Photomicrography 592 From Exposure to Print: The Essentials
Gale Spring Michael W. Davidson, Scott Olenych, and of Solver-Halide Photography Required
Nathan Claxton for Long-Lasting, High Quality
Geological Photography 537
Prints 664
Anthony H. Cooper Police Photography 602
Ralph W. Lambrecht
Larry S. Miller
High-Speed Cinematography 539
Color Photography 692
Peter W.W. Fuller Pseudocolor 604
Jon A. Kapecki
David Malin
High-Speed Still Photography 544
Silver Dye-Bleach Photography 700
Peter W.W. Fuller Remote Sensing 604
Matthias Schellenberg, Ernst Riolo, and
Nicholas M. Short, David Malin, and Donald
Hologram 551 Hartmut Blaue
L. Light
Sean Johnston
Photographic Optics 711
Schlieren and Shadowgraph
Holographic Interferometry 551 Terrance Kessler
Photography 610
Sean Johnston
Phred Petersen Additional Lens Types 724
Holography 551 Michael R. Peres
Scientifi c Visualization 612
Sean Johnston
Masahiro Takatsuka Some Other Filter Types 727
Hypersensitization 554 Michael R. Peres
Space Photography 614
David Malin
Paul E. Lowman Perspective 728
Image Manipulation: Science Fact or Leslie Stroebel
Streak and Strip Photography 616
Fiction 555
Phred Petersen and Andrew Davidhazy Photometry, Radiometry, and
David Malin
Measurement 733
Technical Photography 620
Infrared Photography 556 Carl Salvaggio
Ted Kinsman
Andy Finney
Color Theory 742
Time-Lapse Photography 622
Kirilian Photography 562 Mitchell R. Rosen
David Malin
David Malin
Color Measurement 747
Underwater Photography 623
Medical Diagnostic Imaging 563 David R. Wyble
Eric H. Cheng
Donald McRobbie
Twentieth Century Photographic
Medical Photography 569 Lighting 753
Human Vision 627
Staffan Larsson and Jonas Brane Jon Tarrant
Krystel R. Huxlin
Military Photography 573 The Camera Defi ned 770
The Human Visual System 629
John Sidoriak Bob Rose
Krystel R. Huxlin
Multispectral Imaging 575 The History of the Twentieth Century
David Malin Camera 771
20th Century Materials and Bob Rose, Todd Gustavson, and
Nature Photography 576
Process Essentials 637 Hiroshi Yano
Peter Eastaway
Scott Williams
Enlargers 788
Night-Time and Twilight
Twentieth Century Materials and Bob Rose
Photography 577
Process Essentials 639
David Malin Projection 803
Scott Williams
Bob Rose
Nuclear Track Recording 580
Silver Halide Materials: General
David Malin
Emulsion Properties 641
Index 807
Ophthalmic Photography 580 Alan Hodgson
Christye P. Sisson
Black and White Films and
Photogrammetry 583 Papers 649
Cliff Ogleby Mike Gristwood
Photomacrography and Close-Up The Chemistry of Developers and the
Photography 584 Development Processes 654
Michael R. Peres and John G. Delly Scott Williams
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Contributors
Denis Defi baugh
Peter Adelstein, Ph.D. Roger L. Carter
Associate Professor
Senior Research Associate webmaster
Advertising Photography
Image Permanence Institute www.digitalcamhistory.com
School of Photographic Arts and Sciences
Rochester Institute of Technology Xenia, Ohio, USA
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester, New York, USA
Guenther Cartwright Rochester, New York, USA
Greg Barnett Associate Professor
Dennis di Cicco
Operations Manager Photojournalism
College of Imaging Arts and Sciences School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Senior Editor
Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Sky Publishing Corp.
Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Wolfgang Bengel, DDS Bruce Checefsky William W. DuBois
Imaging Consultant and Private Dentist Director Professor and Chair
Bensheim, Germany Reinberger Galleries Photographic Arts
The Cleveland Institute of Art School of Photographic Arts and Sciences
Lynne Bentley-Kemp, Ph.D.
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Rochester Institute of Technology
Head of Photography
Rochester, New York, USA
Florida Keys Community College Eric H. Cheng
Key West, Florida, USA Underwater Photographer Peter Eastaway, Hon. FAIPP, FAIPP
Oakland, California, USA Magazine Publisher and Professional
Hartmut Blaue
Photographer
Ilford Imaging Switzerland GmbH Nathan Claxton
Collaroy Beach, New South Wales, Australia
Marly, Switzerland National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Florida State University Margaret P. Evans
Jonas Brane
Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Associate Professor
Scientifi c and Technical Photography
Photographer A. D. Coleman Communication/Journalism Department
Shippensburg University
Mölle, Sweden Independent Photography Critic, Historian,
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, USA
and Curator
David Brittain Staten Island, New York, USA
John Fergus-Jean
AHRC Research Fellow http://photocritic.com
Associate Professor
Manchester Metropolitan University
Anthony H. Cooper, Ph. D. Media Studies
Manchester, London, United Kingdom
District Geologist Yorkshire and Columbus College of Art and Design
Owen Butler The Humber Columbus, Ohio, USA
Associate Professor Karst Geohazard Specialist
Andy Finney
School of Photographic Arts and Sciences British Geological Survey
Rochester Institute of Technology Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom Invisible Imaging Expert
Rochester, New York, USA Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Limited
Andrew Davidhazy Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
Daniel Burge Professor
Research Scientist Imaging and Photographic Technology John (Craig) Freeman
Image Permanence Institute School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Associate Professor
Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Emerson College
Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Boston, Massachusetts, USA
www.rit.edu/~andpph
Christopher Burnett Franziska S. Frey, Ph.D.
Director Michael W. Davidson McGhee Distinguished Professor
Visual Studies Workshop National High Magnetic Field Laboratory School of Print Media
Rochester, New York, USA Florida State University Rochester Institute of Technology
http://vsw.org Tallahassee, Florida, USA Rochester, New York, USA
ix
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