Table Of ContentThe First International Lake Ladoga Symposium
Developments in Hydrobiology 113
Series editor
H. J. Dumont
The First International
Lake Ladoga Symposium
Proceedings of the First International Lake Ladoga Symposium:
Ecological Problems of Lake Ladoga,
St. Petersburg, Russia, 22-26 November 1993
Edited by
Heikki Simola, Markku Viljanen, Tatyana Slepukhina & Raj Murthy
Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, vol. 322 (1996)
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht I Boston I London
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-13:978-94-0 10-7240· 3 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-1655-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1655-5
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v
Contents
Preface ........................................................................... . lX-X
List of referees .................................................................... . xi
Present state of Lake Ladoga
Ecological problems of Lake Ladoga: causes and solutions
by V. Drabkova, V. Rumyantsev, L.V. Sergeeva & T.D. Slepukhina ................ . 1-7
The trophic state of Lake Ladoga as indicated by late summer phytoplankton
by A.-L. Holopainen, P. Huttunen, G.1. Letanskaya & E.V. Protopopova ........... . 9-16
Bacterioplankton response to eutrophication in Lake Ladoga
by L. Kapustina .............................................................. . 17-22
Bottom sediments and biocoenoses of northern Ladoga and their changes under human impact
by T.D. Slepukhina, LV. Belyakova, Y.A. Chichikalyuk, N.N. Davydova, G.T. Frumin,
E.M. Kruglov, E.A. Kurashov, E.V. Rubleva, L.V. Sergeeva & D. Subetto .......... . 23-28
Meiofauna of the profundal zone of the northern part of Lake Ladoga as an indicator of
pollution
by J. Sarkka ................................................................. . 29-38
Littoral zone of Lake Ladoga: ecological state evaluation
by I.M. Raspopov,I.N. Andronikova, O.N. Dotsenko, E.A. Kurashov, G.1. Letanskaya,
V.E. Panov, M.A. Rychkova, LV. Telesh, O.A. Tchernykh & F.F. Vorontsov ........ . 39-47
Invertebrate communities associated with macrophytes in Lake Ladoga: effects of environ
mental factors
by E.A. Kurashov, LV. Telesh, V.E. Panov, N.V. Usenko & M.A. Rychkova ........ . 49-55
Fishery of Lake Ladoga - past, present and future
by L.K. Kudersky, J. Jurvelius, M. Kaukoranta, P. Tuunainen & K. Makinen ........ . 57-64
Hydrodynamics of Lake Ladoga and other large water bodies
New morphometrical data of Lake Ladoga
by A.I. Sorokin, M.A. Naumenko & M.F. Veselova ........................ ; ..... . 65-67
Main features of the thermal regime of Lake Ladoga during the ice-free period
by M.A. Naumenko, S.G. Karetnikov & A.1. Tikhomirov ......................... . 69-73
Numerical modelling of large-scale ciruclation in Lakes Onega and Ladoga
by D.V. Beletsky ............................................................. . 75-80
Density structure of the fine surface water layer of large lakes and remote measurement of the
temperature
by G.N. Panin & S.G. Karetnikov .............................................. . 81-84
vi
Physicallimnological processes under ice
by B.C. Kenney............................................................... 85-90
Mixing in ice-covered lakes
by L. Bengtsson .. .......... .. ..... ............... .................... ....... .. 91-97
The influence of seasonal and year-to-year variability of water discharge from the Lake Ladoga
- Neva River system on the salinity regime of the Baltic Sea
by N.V. Myakisheva .... ..... ..... ........ .... .. . ....... ........ ..... . . ... ... .. 99-102
The estimation of current state of Lake Ladoga using mathematical models
by A.v. Leonov, N.N. Filatov & V.S. Titov ... ... .... ............... ....... ..... .. 103-108
Particle pathways of Niagara river water in Lake Ontario affecting bottom sediment contami-
nation
by C.R. Murthy ............................................................... 109-116
Water currents and spreading of river load in Lake Pyhaselka, Saimaa, Finland
by T. Huttula, J. Koponen, K. Lehtinen, A. Wahlgren & R. Niinioja ................ 117-124
Water quality and pollution
Joint Russian-Finnish study of radioactive contamination in the NW part of Lake Ladoga
by Z.G. Gritchenko, L.M. Ivanova, Y.A. Panteleev, N.A. Tishkova, T.K. Ikaheimonen,
E. Ilus & R. Saxen ............................................................ 125-128
Distribution and release of sedimentary phosphorus in Lake Ladoga
by N.V. Ignatieva ............................................................. 129-136
Ecologic and hygienic evaluation of Lake Ladoga as a source of drinking water
by L.V. Vorobieva, G.v. Selyuzhitskii & G.I. Chemova .. .. ........ ..... .. . ........ 137-141
Lake Ladoga: chemical pollution and biochemical self-purification
by G.T. Frumin, O.A. Chemykh, N.L. Krylenkova & V.A. Scherbak ..... ....... .. .. 143-147
A survey on toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Ladoga and adjacent water bodies
by B.V. Gromov, A.A. Vepritsky, K.A. Mamkaeva & L.N. Voloshko ................ 149-151
Mathematical model for the ecosystem response of Lake Ladoga to phophorus loading
by G.P. Astrakhantsev, N.B. Yegorova, v.v. Menshutkin, LV. Pisulin & L.A. Rukhovets 153-157
The impact of effluents of Pitkaranta pulp mill on the water quality of Lake Ladoga: a model
study
by K. Granberg ............................................................... 159-166
Protein indication method in monitoring of pulp mill effluent pollution in Lake Ladoga
by T.N. Nizharadze & A.M. Tomilin ............................................ 167-171
Ecological studies of Lake Ladoga biota
Zooplankton characteristics in monitoring of Lake Ladoga
by I.N. Andronikova .. .. ... ..... .. ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ............ .. .. . .. .. . 173-179
Species composition of planktonic Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda in the littoral zone of
Lake Ladoga
by I.V. Telesh ... .............. ..... ............... ..... ..... ... .. ..... ... ..... 181-185
Vll
Establishment of the Baika1ian endemic amphipod, Gmelinoides jasciatus Stebb. in Lake
Ladoga
by V.E. Panov ................................................................ 187-192
The Ladoga seal (Phoca hispida ladogensis Nordq.)
by T. Sipi1a, N.V. Medvedev & H. Hyvarinen .................................... 193-198
History of Lake Ladoga and rates of change in its environment
Late-and postglacial history of lakes of the Karelian Isthmus
by N.N. Davydova, K.A. Arslanov, v.1. Khomutova, 1.1. Krasnov, D.B. Malakhovsky,
M. Saarnisto, A.1. Saksa & D.A. Subetto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199-204
Shoreline displacement of Lake Ladoga - new data from Kilpolansaari
by M. Saarnisto & T. Gronlund.... ... .......... .. .......... ..... ... .. ..... .. ... 205-215
Lake Ladoga Region: human impacts and recent environmental changes
by G.A. Isachenko ............................................................ 217-221
Atmospheric deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and base cations in Scots pine stands of south-
eastern Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, NW Russia in 1992
by I. Lumme & V. Arkhipov .................................................... 223-226
Research methods for large lakes
Combined application of remote sensing and in situ measurements in monitoring environmen
tal processes
by K.Ya. Kondratyev, L.P. Bobylev, D.V. Pozdnyakov, v.v. Melentyev, M.A. Nau
menko, K.A. Mokievsky, O.E. Korotkerich, L.V. Zaitsev, S.G. Karetnikov, D.V.
Beletsky & A.V. Litvinenko .................................................... 227-232
Combined use of spectral brightness and polarization characteristics of upward radiation in
remote sensing of inland waterbodies
by A.A. Buznikov, G.A. Lakhtanov, K.A. Mokievsky, V.B. Rumyantsev & S.G. Shvare-
va ........................................................................... 233-236
Mathematical modelling of runoff and material transport from drainage areas into recipient
water bodies
by S.A. Kondratyev & O. Mendel. ................. ..... ............... ..... .. . . 237-240
Water chemistry of Lake Ladoga and Russian-Finnish intercalibration of analyses
by R. Niinioja, M. Manninen & P. Lozovik ....................................... 241-248
Comparison of methods used in zooplankton sampling and counting in the joint Russian-
Finnish evaluation of the trophic state of Lake Ladoga
by I. Karjalainen, M. Rahkola, M. Viljanen, LN. Andronikova & V.A. Avinskii ...... 249-253
Phytoplankton composition and pigment concentrations as indicators of water quality in the
Rybinsk reservoir
by L.G. Korneva & N.M. Mineeva .............................................. 255-259
The relationship between fish yield and primary production in large European freshwater lakes
by G.M. Lavrentyeva & P.I. Lavrentyev ......................................... 261-266
viii
Spatial patterns and relationships between phytoplankton, zooplankton and water quality in
the Saimaa lake system, Finland
by 1. Karjalainen, A.-L. Holopainen & P. Huttunen ............................... 267-276
Structural phase diagrams of animal communities in assessment of freshwater ecosystem
conditions
by V.B. Verbitskii & V.G. Tereshchenko ......................................... 277-282
Palaeolimnological analyses as information source for large lake biomonitoring
by H. Simola, 1.1. Meriliiinen, O. Sandman, V. Marttila, H. Karjalainen, M. Kukkonen,
R. lulkunen-Tiitto & 1. Hakulinen .................... , . .... ... . . .. . .. . . .... . .... 283-292
Comparison of sampling methods for semipelagic animals in two deep basins of Lake Saimaa
by P. Bagge, H.-M. Liimatainen & P. Liljaniemi .................................. 293-300
Sample size in the monitoring of benthic macrofauna in the profundal of lakes: evaluation of
the precision of estimates
by H. Veijola, 1. Meriliiinen & V. Marttila ........................................ 301-315
Subject index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317-325
Author index ...................................................................... 327-328
Hydrobiologia 322: ix-x, 1996. ix
H. Simola et al. (eds), The First International Lake Ladoga Symposium.
Preface
Lake Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe, and with its surface area of 17,891 km2 and volume of 837 km3 ranks
among the top fifteen of the world's freshwater bodies. The ecological condition of Lake Ladoga is of concern
to several million people: it is affected by those living on its 258,000 km2 drainage area, which covers much of
northwestern European Russia and eastern Finland; and it affects the 6 million inhabitants of St. Petersburg for
whom Lake Ladoga is the main source of domestic and industrial water. Furthermore, the condition of Lake Ladoga
affects water quality in the Neva River, the Gulf of Finland and the whole Baltic Sea.
The ecological state of Lake Ladoga seems to have deteriorated, especially since the 1970's. Conditions at some
of the worst polluted sites have actually improved in recent years, due to the closing of some sources of industrial
pollution; but there are alarming signs of general eutrophication of the main body of water. Owing to its vast water
mass, Lake Ladoga is slow to react to environmental change.
Joint Russian-Finnish studies of Lake Ladoga and its environment have been conducted since 1990 within
the framework of cooperation in environmental protection between the two countries. From this cooperation also
emerged the need to arrange an international symposium to address the current environmental problems of Lake
Ladoga. To this end, an organizing committee consisting of Russian and Finnish scientists involved in Lake Ladoga
research was formed in 1992. Prof. Vladislav Rumyantsev (St. Petersburg) was nominated as chairman and Dr.
Markku Viljanen (Joensuu) as vice-chairman of the committee.
The first international Lake Ladoga Symposium was held in st. Petersburg on 22-26 November, 1993. The
symposium was organized jointly by the University of Joensuu, Finland, and the Institute of Limnology, Russian
Academy of Sciences. The symposium, which was held in St. Petersburg, marked the 50th anniversary of the
Institute of Limnology.
The theme of the symposium was Ecological Problems of Lake Ladoga. This theme quite naturally expanded to
include research on other large lakes as well, because the problems of large lakes are much the same, and large lake
studies are pursued in several countries. An international symposium focusing on large lake research in general,
and Lake Ladoga research in particular, thus emerged.
There were about 160 participants from Russia, Finland, Canada and Sweden. The setting of the Symposium
was magnificent as well as appropriate: an old palace on the embankment of the Great Neva River, once the home
of members of the Czar family, now serving as the House of Scientists. The programme, consisting of a total of
98 contributions, was organized into the following sessions: Present state of Lake Ladoga, Rates of change in the
ecosystem of Lake Ladoga, Ecological standards and criteria for assessing water quality, Research methods for
large lakes, Ecological strategy for Lake Ladoga and its basin, and a poster session.
In order to bring the environmental problems of Lake Ladoga to the attention of the appropriate authorities, the
following resolution was adopted by the participants at the closing session of the symposium:
Participants of the i st international Lake Ladoga Symposium met in St. Petersburg to discuss the state of Lake
Ladoga and waterbodies of its basin. Recommendations relevant to the improvement of the ecosystem of one of
the largest freshwater bodies of the world have been considered, and the participants of the symposium would
like to emphasize the necessity of broadening international cooperation at both governmental and scientific
levels. A continuing serious deterioration of the ecological state of Lake Ladoga will have serious health and
social effects on the population of St. Petersburg. It will also have a serious impact on the ecological state of
the Baltic Sea, which will heighten concern in neighbouring countries.
The participants are also unanimous about the need to draw up a comparative analysis between the states of
the large lakes in North America and Europe. This would be useful for assessment of both global and regional
changes.
x
The participants of the Symposium urge all governmental and non-governmental organizations of Russia,
Finland and other countries to pay more attention to the very serious ecological condition of European lakes
and of the Baltic Sea. We believe that it is also important to support all international projects and agreements
which could offer protection and restoration of inland bodies of water. This would ensure the possibility of
safeguarding these lakes for future generations.
The participants consider it desirable to arrange the next Symposium three years from now, in order to
assess the ongoing changes and to work out adequate solutions to the environmental problems of Lake Ladoga.
Ladoga, the largest water-basin in Europe and one of the greatest and most beautiful lakes in the world,
is worth being included in UNESCO's list of world's natural heritage sites in accordance with the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
The symposium contributions are summarized in two publications: (I) A volume of Extended Abstracts of
all the presentations has already been published at the University of Joensuu, Publications of Karelian Institute
112 (1995); (2) about half of the presentations have been edited into this special issue after the normal refereeing
procedure.
The Symposium organizers wish to acknowledge the following bodies for financial and other support for the
symposium: the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Finland, the Finnish Ministry of the Environment,
the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation and the University of Joensuu.
As editors of this special issue, we wish to thank Ms. Tuula Toivanen and Mr. Maxim Brezhnev, who acted
as secretaries for the symposium. Tuula Toivanen, Mr. Olli Gunther, Ms. Sirkka Staff and Ms. Kirsti Kyyronen
provided invaluable help with the preparation of the manuscripts. Without their great effort, the publication of this
volume within a reasonable time would not have been possible.
HEIKKI SIMOLA,
MARKKU VILJANEN
Univ. Joensuu, Finland
TATYANA SLEPUKHINA
Inst. Limnology,
St. Petersburg, Russia
RAJASEKARA MURTHY
National Water Res. Institute,
Burlington, Canada
