Table Of ContentThe Elusive Quest for European Security
St Antony’s Series
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The Elusive Quest for
European Security
From EDC to CFSP
Simon Duke
Associate Professor
European Institute of Public Administration
Maastricht
Netherlands
in association with
ST ANTONY’S COLLEGE, OXFORD
First published in Great Britain 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-41764-3 ISBN 978-0-230-50967-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230509672
First published in the United States of America 2000 by
ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Duke, Simon.
The elusive quest for European security : from EDC to CFSP/ Simon
Duke.
p. cm. — (St. Antony’s series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. National security—Europe. 2. Europe—Defenses. 3. European
cooperation. I. Title. II. Series.
UA646.D8697 1999
355'.03304—dc21 99–15389
CIP
©Simon Duke 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-77798-5
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written
permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained
forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
To the memory of Professor Margaret Gowing
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Contents
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
Acknowledgements xiii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Conventions xv
Introduction 1
Making Sense of Europe, Defence and Security
Europeanising Security? 3
Putting EPC/CFSP into the Academic Context 8
1 The European Defence Community – Precursor
to the CFSP? 12
Intellectual Origins 12
The Pleven and Spofford Plans 18
The Demise of the EDC 29
The Aftermath – Thoughts in the Bath 36
The London and Paris Conferences 37
2 The Rebirth of European Security 42
From the Fouchet Plan to European Political Co-operation 42
The Special Relationship and European Defence 49
The Fields of Elysée 51
De Gaulle’s Three Impediments 53
The WEU’s Decline and the Eurogroup’s Rise 55
European Political Co-operation – the Hague Summit 56
The Copenhagen Report to Tindemans: the Decline of EPC 58
From London to the Single European Act 62
The Single European Act and Title III 67
The Reawakening 72
Not a Meeting of Minds – Towards the 1991 IGC 78
vii
viii Contents
3 From Political Community to Uncommon Security 82
The Gulf War and Political Union 82
The Luxembourg and Dutch Models and the IGC 85
The Voice from across the Atlantic 92
Title V of the Treaty on European Union – the CFSP 98
The Role of the Western European Union 107
Common Interests and Joint Action 112
Progress towards the CFSP? 115
Maastricht, the WEU and the New World Order 117
An Interim Assessment of the CFSP 124
4 Expanding Europe, Decreasing Security 126
Less than Common – the 1996 IGC 126
The 1996 IGC and the Consolidated Treaty on European
Union (CTEU) 130
Redefinition of Security and Defence Responsibilities 133
Institutional Modifications 134
Voting Procedures: Unanimity versus QMV 137
Relations with the WEU and Other International
Organisations 139
Budgetary Questions 143
Implications of the Amsterdam Treaty 144
EU Expansion and its Security Implications: Agenda 2000 147
The Distinct Process – NATO Expansion 150
The Special Role of Russia and the Ukraine 154
Paying for Enlargement 156
Public Opinion and European Security 165
5 Transatlantic Relations and European Security 175
Leadership and Post-Cold War European Security 175
Primus inter Pares 177
Westward Ho? 181
New Wine in Old Bottles 186
The Beginning of the Compromise – Brussels 189
The Compromise Complete – Berlin 194
The CJTF Concept – Ensuring US Hegemony? 195
Contents ix
6 Transatlantic and ‘Euro’ Options – Case Study
Yugoslavia 201
Germany’s Recognition – Leadership or Breaking Ranks? 204
The London Peace Process and the Vance–Owen Peace Plan 207
The WEU and Bosnia 213
NATO and Bosnia 219
Lessons from Bosnia for European Security 221
Postscript: Albania and Kosovo…Typical Crisis of
the Post-Cold War 223
Kosovo: On the Brink? 224
Lessons from the Testing Ground 234
7 Progress Towards Defining a Common European Security
and Defence Policy: Illusion or Practice? 239
Relations Between the European Security Bodies 239
Military Effectiveness 242
The Eurocorps 248
Logistics and Intelligence: Getting There and
Knowing What’s There 251
Finance 259
Manufacturing Security – a Two-Way Street? 261
The Geography of Post-Cold War Security:
The ‘Ins’ and ‘Outs’ 272
Renationalising Militaries v Euro Options 286
8 Conclusion 292
Scenarios for the Future 302
Multispeed Security 305
More of the Same? 306
Britain’s Fourth Pillar 307
St Malo: a glimpse down the road 313
Déjà vu? 315
Appendix 1: The Brussels Treaty 317
Appendix 2: The North Atlantic Treaty 320
Appendix 3: Modified Brussels Treaty 323
Appendix 4: Title III Single European Act 327
