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M. J. ^lagc ^ QTo. 3 educational §mte.
t-^
THE ELEMENTS
OF
Structural Botany
B^'
WITH 81'ECIAL UEFEUENCK TO THE STUDY OF
CANADIAN PLANTS;
If n
i
TO WHICH IS ADDED A SELECTION OF PiXAMINATIOX
AFEUS
1'
BY
II. B. SPOTTON, M.A., F.L.S..
rinXCII'AI, OK IIAKMOHI) ST. COM.KCJIATK INSTITUTE.
Authi>i'i~ri1far use. in tlw. Srfinnls of Ontario.
Autlidi'izedJ'nr nsi' in the, Schtntls of (Quebec.
• Ok «^ Anth(n'i"i'(1far nsi' in tin: ScIiikiIh of A'<'M> fli'uuitwivk.
Anthin'izt'.dfor use in the Schooli oj' Noru Scotia.
B 01 Authorizedfor use in the Schools of Manitoba.
?
I
W'viHcd Edition. With many Ilhistratinna hythe Authorandothers.
w. .1. (i Ad 10 <*t, ('()^^I^\XY,
rOKO.VTO.
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Entered accordingto A(;toi iainameiiboi vJatiada,iti theyearofourLord
eighteen hundred andeijfht\--nine, by W. J. Gagb&Co.,
in theofflceoftheMinisterofAgriculaiii,.
m^lu National Library Bibliotheque nationale
^r of Canada du Canada
;
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
The work, of which the present little volume forms the
first part, has been undertaken, at the suggestion of several
eminent educationists, to supply a palpable want. The
works on Botany, many of them of great excellence, wh^'^h
have found their way into this country, have been prepared
with reference to climates diflfering, in some cases, very
widely from our own. They consequently contain accounts
of many plants which are entirely foreign to Canada, thus
obstructing the search fordescriptions of thosewhichhappen
to be common to our own and other countries and, on the
;
other hand, many of our Canadian species arenot mentioned
at all in some of the Classifications which have been in use.
It is believed that the Classification which is to form the
second part of this work will be found to contain all the
commonly occurring species of the Provinces whose floras it
is designed to illustrate, without being burdened with those
which are either extremely rare or which do not occur in
Canada at all.
The present part is designed to teach the Elements of
Structural Botany in accordance with a method which is
believed to be more rational than that commonly adopted
and it will be found to supplyall that is requisite for passing
the examinations for Teachers' Certificates of all grades, as
well as any others demanding an elementary knowledge of
the subject. It contains familiar descriptions of common
plants, illustrating the chief variations in plant-structure,
with a view to laying a foundation for the intelligent study
of Systematic Botany with the aid of the second part then
;
follow a few lessons on Morphology and the Elements ol
;
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
Vegetable Histology are treated of in as simple and brief a
manner as was thought to be consistent with the nature of
the snbject.
The Schedules, the use of which is very stronj^ly recom-
mended, were devised by the late Professor Henslow, of
Cambridge Univer«iity, to fix the attentionof pupils upon the
salient points of structure. They will be found invaluable
to the teacher as tests of the accuracy of his pupils' knowl-
edge. The cost of striking offa few hundred blanks of each
3ort would be very trifling, and not worth considering in
view of the resulting advantages.
The wood-cuts are from drawings from living specimens,
except in twoor three instances where assistance was derived
from cuts of well-known excellence in standard works on
Botany. It need hardly be said that the engravings are not
in any sense intezided to take the place of the living plants.
They are designed chiefly to assist in the examination of the
latter ; and whilst it is hoped that they may be of service to
those who may desire to read the book in the winter season,
it is strongly urged upon teachers and students not to be
satisfied with them as long as the plants themselves are
available.
The works most frequently consulted in the preparation
of the text arethoseofHooker, Gray, Bentley, andOliver.
Finally, the Author looks for indulgence at the hands of
his fellow-teachers, and will be glad to receive suggestions
tending to increase the usefulness of the work, and to extend
a taste for what must ever be regarded as one of the moat
refining as well as one of the most practically useful of
studies.
iSeptembeVf 1879,
^^^^Xg^^gK^(TO
PREFACE TO KEVISED EDITION.
The re-arrangement of the course of study in Botany for
Teachers' Certificates and for Junior Matriculation has
aflforded an opportunity for revisingand, it ishoped, improv-
ing the present text-book, to which so kind a reception was
accorded on its first appearance some years ago.
The principal featureof thenew curriculumisthe addition
of certain Cryptogamous types. These are necessarily some-
what more difiicult of study than the Phanerogams, because
theircharacteristicscannotbesatisfactorily made outwithout
employing high powers of the microscope ; but it is hoped
that the numerous illustrations which accompany the text,
and which have been gathered from various sources, will
materially assist the student in this part of the work.
The chapter relating to minute structure has been re-
written, and, as will be seen, considerably extended. Though
it is still but a sketch, it is hoped that it will' serve a useful
purpose in pavingthe way forthe fuller studyof theanatomy
and physiology of plants with the aid of advanced works.
Other changes and additions have also been made, chiefly
in the chapter on JVIorphology.
The writer need hardly add that in preparing this revision
he has laid under contribution the various text-books of
recognized meriv which have come within his reach, and that
beyond the mere presentationof the subject he laysno claim
to originality.
Barrie, August, 18S7. •
