Table Of ContentThe Crusader World
The Crusader World is a multidisciplinary survey of the current state of research in the field
of crusader studies, an area of study which has become increasingly popular in recent years.
In this volume Adrian Boas draws together an impressive range of academics, including
work from renowned scholars as well as a number of thought-provoking pieces from emerg-
ing researchers, in order to provide broad coverage of the major aspects of the period. This
authoritative work will play an important role in the future direction of crusading studies.
This volume enriches present knowledge of the crusades, addressing such wide-ranging
subjects as: intelligence and espionage, gender issues, religious celebrations in crusader
Jerusalem, political struggles in crusader Antioch, the archaeological study of battle sites
and fortifications, diseases suffered by the crusaders, crusading in northern Europe and
Spain and the impact of crusader art. The relationship between crusaders and Muslims, two
distinct and in many way opposing cultures, is also examined in depth, including a discus-
sion of how the Franks perceived their enemies.
Arranged into eight thematic sections, The Crusader World considers many central
issues as well as a large number of less familiar topics of the crusades, crusader society,
history and culture. With over 100 photographs, line drawings and maps, this impressive
collection of essays is a key resource for students and scholars alike.
Adrian J. Boas is Professor of Medieval Archaeology in the Departments of Archaeology
and Land of Israel Studies at Haifa University, Israel.
THE ROUTLEDGE WORLDS
THE CELTIC WORLD
Edited by Miranda Green
THE GREEK WORLD
Edited by Anton Powell
THE REFORMATION WORLD
Edited by Andrew Pettegree
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN WORLD
Edited by Philip F. Esler
THE ROMAN WORLD
Edited by John Wacher
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
Edited by Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson
THE BIBLICAL WORLD
Edited by John Barton
THE HINDU WORLD
Edited by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby
THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD
Edited by Martin Fitzpatrick
THE WORLD OF POMPEII
Edited by Pedar W. Foss and John J. Dobbins
THE BABYLONIAN WORLD
Edited by Gwendolyn Leick
THE RENAISSANCE WORLD
Edited by John Jeffries Martin
THE EGYPTIAN WORLD
Edited by Toby Wilkinson
THE ISLAMIC WORLD
Edited by Andrew Rippin
THE VIKING WORLD
Edited by Stefan Brink and Neil Price
THE BYZANTINE WORLD
Edited by Paul Stephenson
THE ELIZABETHAN WORLD
Edited by Susan Doran and Norman Jones
THE WORLD OF THE AMERICAN WEST
Edited by Gordon Morris Bakken
THE OTTOMAN WORLD
Edited by Christine Woodhead
THE VICTORIAN WORLD
Edited by Martin Hewitt
THE ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN WORLD
Edited by Augustine Casiday
THE SUMERIAN WORLD
Edited by Harriet Crawford
THE ETRUSCAN WORLD
Edited by Jean MacIntosh Turfa
THE GOTHIC WORLD
Edited by Glennis Byron and Dale Townshend
THE WORLD OF THE REVOLUTIONARY AMERICAN REPUBLIC
Edited by Andrew Shankman
THE WORLD OF INDIGENOUS NORTH AMERICA
Edited by Robert Warrior
THE FIN-DE-SIÈCLE WORLD
Edited by Michael Saler
THE OCCULT WORLD
Edited by Christopher Partridge
THE ATLANTIC WORLD
Edited by D’Maris Coffman, Adrian Leonard, William O’Reilly
THE BUDDHIST WORLD
Edited by John Powers
Forthcoming:
THE MODERNIST WORLD
Edited by Stephen Ross and Allana Lindgren
THE POSTCOLONIAL WORLD
Edited by Jyotsna Singh and David Kim
THE SHAKESPEAREAN WORLD
Edited by Jill L. Levenson and Robert Ormsby
THE WORLD OF IONIA
Edited by Alan M. Greaves
THE WORLD OF FORMATIVE EUROPE
Edited by Martin Carver and Madeleine Hummler
THE CRUSADER WORLD
Edited by
Adrian J. Boas
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 Adrian J. Boas for selection and editorial matter; individual
contributions, the contributors.
The right of Adrian J. Boas to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders. Please advise
the publisher of any errors or omissions, and these will be corrected in
subsequent editions.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The crusader world / edited by Adrian J. Boas.
pages cm. — (The Routledge worlds)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Crusades. I. Boas, Adrian J., 1952- editor, author.
D157.C763 2015
909.07—dc23
2015011532
ISBN: 978-0-415-82494-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-68415-4 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK
CONTENTS
List of illustrations xi
List of contributors xvi
1 Introduction 1
Adrian J. Boas
PART I: IDEOLOGY, CRUSADE, WARFARE
AND PEACE-MAKING
2 Pope Urban II and the ideology of the crusades 7
Paul E. Chevedden
3 Women’s involvement in the crusades 54
Helen J. Nicholson
4 ‘Crusading’ warfare in the twelfth century 68
John France
5 Paid troops in the service of military orders during the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries 84
Alan Forey
6 Peacemaking in an age of war: when were cross-religious alliances in the
Latin East considered treason? 98
Yvonne Friedman
— Contents —
PART II: THE CRUSADER WEST
7 The military-religious orders in the crusader West 111
Karl Borchardt
8 Crusade, empire and the process of war in Staufen Germany, 1180–1220 128
Daniel P. Franke
9 Northern crusades: between holy war and mission 144
Darius von Güttner-Sporzyński
10 Christian expansion in medieval Iberia: Reconquista or crusade? 163
Luis García-Guijarro Ramos
PART III: THE LATIN EAST
11 The Venetian presence in the crusader lordship of Tyre: a tale of decline 181
David Jacoby
12 The Antiochene war of succession 196
Jochen Burgtorf
13 Western Upper Galilee under crusader rule 212
Rabei G. Khamisy
14 Queen Alice of Cyprus 225
Bernard Hamilton
15 The Franciscan return to the Holy Land (1333) and Mt Sion: pilgrimage
and the apostolic mission 241
Andrew Jotischky
PART IV: MEDIEVAL BYZANTIUM
16 Byzantine crusaders: holy war and crusade rhetoric in Byzantine contacts
with the West (1095–1341) 259
Nikolaos G. Chrissis
17 Memory and ideology: the image of the crusades in Byzantine
historiography, eleventh–thirteenth centuries 278
Aphrodite Papayianni
18 The fall of Jerusalem (1187) as viewed from Byzantium 289
Michael Angold
viii
— Contents —
PART V: MEETING ISLAM
19 An illusion of ignorance? The Muslims of the Middle East and the
Franks before the crusades 311
Niall Christie
20 The early Mamlūks and the end of the crusader presence in Syria (1250–1291) 324
Reuven Amitai
21 The Muslim political world as mirrored in the First Crusade chronicles 346
Svetlana Luchitskaya
22 Crusaders, Muslims and biblical stories: Saladin and Joseph 362
Yehoshua Frenkel
23 Historical motifs in the writing of Muslim authors of the crusading era 378
Daniella Talmon-Heller
24 Latin Cyprus and its relations with the Mamluk sultanate, 1250–1517 391
Nicholas Coureas
25 Christian mercenaries in Muslim lands: their status in medieval Islamic
and canon law 419
Michael Lower
PART VI: ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CRUSADES
26 Crusader fortifications: between tradition and innovation 437
Mathias Piana
27 Crusader battlefields: environmental and archaeological perspectives 460
Raphael Y. Lewis
28 The Hospitaller castle of Belvoir: setting the scene for a discussion of the
topography, geology and architecture 490
Vardit Shotten-Hallel, Eytan Sass and Lydia Perelis Grossowicz
29 Maritime commerce in the Latin East as reflected in the import of ceramics 519
Edna J. Stern
30 Domestic life in the Latin East 544
Adrian J. Boas
31 Conquest and Europeanisation: the archaeology of the crusades in
Livonia, Prussia and Lithuania 568
Aleksander Pluskowski and Heiki Valk
32 Intestinal parasites in the crusades: evidence for disease, diet and migration 593
Piers D. Mitchell
ix
