The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology

886 Pages·1989·36.86 MB·English

by  R. G. Barry (auth.)

THE ARCTIC SEAS
CI im atology,
Oceanography,
Geology, and Biology
Edited by
Yvonne Herman
IOm51 VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY
~ - - - - - New York
This work relates to Department of the Navy Grant NOOOI4-85-
G-0252 issued by the Office of Naval Research. The United
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world in all copyrightable material contained herein.
Copyright © 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-33800
ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-8022-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0677-1
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The Arctic Seas.
Includes index.
1. Oceanography-Arctic Ocean. 2. Geology-ArctiC
Ocean. 1. Herman, Yvonne.
GC401.A76 1989 551.46'8 88-33800
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8022-4
For Anyu
Contents
Preface / vii
Contributors / ix
1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past
and Future States 1
R. G. Barry
2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics 47
W. D. Hibler III
3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean 93
L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen
4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution 115
M. J. Dunbar
5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota 123
R. A. Horner
6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients
Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice 147
O. G. N. Andersen
7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton 193
B. R. Heimdal
8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice:
New Distributions 223
Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen
9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna 235
I. A. Mel'nikov
10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period 257
A. N. Golikov and o. A. Scarlato
11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian
Sector of the Arctic Ocean 281
N. A. Anisimova
12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean 303
V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov
13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs 325
A. N. Golikov
14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa 341
V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko
15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea):
Evolution, Composition, and Distribution 373
V. V. Petryashov
v
vi Contents
16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas 397
S. D. Stepanjants
17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea 431
S. V. Vassilenko
18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy:
The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record 445
C. Card
19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians 461
S. B. Kruglikova
20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments 481
E. I. Polyakova
21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian
Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean 497
C. Vilks
22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments 571
B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman
23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography:
Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology 581
Y. Herman, f. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu
24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes
in the Arctic Ocean 657
D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones
25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography
of the Barents Sea 721
V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich
26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia 729
A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin,
and M. A. Faustova
27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic
During Late Cenozoic Time 759
I. D. Danilov
28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments 761
A. N. Belyaeva, A. 1. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich
29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic
Ocean Seafloor 797
J. R. Weber
30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician
Through the Cretaceous 829
L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov
Index / 863
Preface
The Arctic region has long held a fascination for explorers and scientists
of many countries. Despite the numerous voyages of exploration, the na
ture of the central Arctic was unknown only 90 years ago; it was believed
to be a shallow sea dotted with islands. During Nansen's historic voyage
on the polarship Fram, which commenced in 1893, the great depth of the
central basin was discovered.
In the Soviet Union, investigation of the Arctic Ocean became national
policy after 1917. Today research at several scientific institutions there is
devoted primarily to the study of the North Polar Ocean and seas.
The systematic exploration of the Arctic by the United States com
menced in 1951. Research has been conducted year-round from drifting ice
islands, which are tabular fragments of glacier ice that break away from
ice shelves. Most frequently, ice islands originate off the northern coast of
Ellesmere Island. These research platforms are occupied as weather sta
tions, as well as for oceanographic and geophysical studies. Several inter
national projects, conducted by Canadian, European, and U.S. groups,
have been underway during the last three decades. Although much new
data have accumulated since the publication of the Marine Geology and
Oceanography of the Arctic Seas volume in 1974 (Yvonne Herman, ed.), in
various fields of polar research-including present-day ice cover, hydrogra
phy, fauna, flora, and geology-many questions remain to be answered.
The paleoceanography, ice cover history, and the past atmospheric circula
tion patterns are open to controversy, as are the structure and evolution of
the crust beneath the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, the origin and mode of
dispersal of sediments are not fully understood, nor is there a consensus
concerning the origin and age of the modern Arctic biota. According to
some climatologists, unipolar glaciation existed until the Pleistocene, when
the Arctic Ocean became ice covered; the Antarctic ice sheet developed
initially approximately 38 Ma. The sedimentary record of the Arctic basin
is documented only for the last 4.5-5 My; its history prior to this time will
remain open to speculation until sedimentary cores spanning the Cenozoic
and possibly the Mesozoic are recovered. The current status of many of
these problems is discussed in The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography,
Geology, and Biology. It seemed timely to bring together in a single volume
important current studies from several disciplines. Because of the wide
topical range and the multi-authored nature of this volume, it was not pos
sible to insure precise balance; moreover, certain subjects could not be cov
ered because of the physical limitations of a single book. However, it is
hoped that this book will provide an insight into the current status of Arctic
research, in particular of studies underway in the Soviet Union inaccessi
ble to date to the West, and that it will also serve as a reference for investi
gators studying the polar and subpolar seas.
It is with pleasure that I acknowledge the following people for helping
in various ways during the preparation of this book: P. E. Rosenberg,
R. G. Barry, G. L. Johnson, R. Horner, C. Sancetta, P. Herman, O. Her-
vii
viii Preface
man, B. R. Heimdal, S. Gartner, M. A. Shnoo-Kee, L. Joachim, A. E. Aksu,
C. A. Repenning, A. P. Lisitzin, L. P. Zonenshain, S. Dorobek, W. L.
Gates, V. T. Frolov, 1. S. Gramberg, D. Bukry, J. England, P. Von Pitzpon,
D. E. Strohl, and C. Hooper. I also wish to acknowledge the cooperation
I received from all contributing authors. Special appreciation is given to
the Office of Naval Research for support in the preparation of this book
under Grant N00014-8S-G-02S2 and to C. S. Hutchinson, Jr., for providing
assistance with the redrafting and retyping of the Russian chapters.
YVONNE HERMAN
Contributors
O. G. Norden Andersen, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15,
Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
L. Anderson, Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry, Chalmers
University of Technology and University of Goteborg, Goteborg S-412
96, Sweden
N. A. Anisimova, Laboratory of Marine Research, Zoological Institute,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
R. G. Barry, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, Campus Box 449, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
80309-0449
A. N. Belyaeva, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, 23 Krasikova, Moscow 117218, USSR
I. D. DaniIov, Department of Geology, Moscow State University,
Moscow 119899, USSR
A. I. Daniushevskaya, VNIIOceangeologiya, 120 Moika, Leningrad
190121, USSR
D. A. Darby, Department of Geological Sciences, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0496
N. V. Denisenko, Laboratory of Benthos, Murmansk Marine Biological
Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Dalnye Zelentsky, USSR
M. J. Dunbar, Climate Research Group, Department of Meteorology,
McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada H3A 2K6
D. Dyrssen, Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry, Chalmers
University of Technology and University of Goteborg, Goteborg S-412
96, Sweden
M. A. Faustova, Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow 109017, USSR
V. V. Fedyakov, Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Universitetskaya nab. I, Leningrad 199034, USSR
G. Gard, Department of Geology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm
S-106 91, Sweden
A. N. Golikov, Laboratory of Marine Research, Zoological Institute,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
V. I. Gontar, Laboratory of Marine Research, Zoological Institute, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
B. Heimdal, Department of Marine Biology, University of Bergen,
N-5065 Biomsterdalen, Norway
Y. Herman, Department of Geology, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington 99164-2812
ix
x Contributors
W. D. Hibler, III, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
L. L. Isayeva, Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow 109017, USSR
R. A. Horner, 4211 N.E. 88th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115
G. A. Jones, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
S. Krugilkova, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, 23 Krasikova, Moscow 117218, USSR
I. A. Mel'nikov, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, 23 Krasikova, Moscow 117218, USSR
T. C. Mowatt, 9905 Amchitka Circle, Eagle River, Alaska 99577
A. S. Naidu, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska,
Fairbanks, Alaska 99701
L. M. Napatov, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, Moscow 117218, USSR
A. D. Naumov, Laboratory of Marine Research, Zoological Institute,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
D. B. Oreshkin, Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow 109017, USSR
J. K. Osmond, Department of Geology, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Florida 32306
V. V. Petryashov, Laboratory of Marine Research, Zoological Institute,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
E. I. Polyakova, Department of Geography, Moscow State University,
Moscow 117234, USSR
E. A. Romankevich, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy
of Sciences, 23 Krasikova, Moscow 117218, USSR
Yu. G. Samoilovich, Kola Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences, Apatity,
USSR
O. A. Scarlato, Marine Research Laboratory, Zoological Institute, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
P. Sharma, Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
B. L. K. Somayajulu, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura,
Ahmedabad 380 009, India
S. D. Stepanjants, Universitetskaya nab. I, Zoological Institute, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199034, USSR
S. V. Vassilenko, Laboratory of Marine Research, Zoological Institute,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 199164, USSR
A. A. Velitchko, Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow 109017, USSR
Contributors xi
G. Vilks, Atlantic Geoscience Center, Geological Survey of Canada,
Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y
4A2
J. R. Weber, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Earth Physics
Branch, Gravity and Geodynamics Division, 1 Observatory Crescent,
Ottawa, Ontario KIA OY3, Canada
V. S. Zarkhidze, VNIIOceanologia, 120 Moika, Leningrad 190121, USSR
L. P. Zonenshain, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, 23 Krasikova, Moscow 117218, USSR