The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

914 Pages·2016·9.09 MB·English

by  Roland E. Thomas

ELECTRIC QUANTITIES
QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT UNITABBERVIATION
Time t second s
Frequency(cyclic) f hertz Hz
Frequency(radian) ω radian/sec rad/s
Phaseangle θ,ϕ degreeorradian (cid:2)orrad
Energy w joule J
Power p watt W
Charge q coulomb C
Current i ampere A
E
Electricfield volt/meter V/m
Voltage v volt V
Impedence Z ohm Ω
Admittance Y siemen S
Resistance R ohm Ω
Conductance G siemen S
Reactance X ohm Ω
Susceptance B siemen S
Inductance,self L henry H
Inductance,mutual M henry H
Capacitance C farad F
Magneticflux ϕ weber wb
Fluxlinkages λ weber-turns wb-t
Powerratio log10ðp2=p1Þ Bel B
STANDARD DECIMAL PREFIXES
MULTIPLIER PREFIX ABBREVIATION MULTIPLIER PREFIX ABBREVIATION
1018 exa E 10−2 centi c
1015 peta P 10−3 milli m
1012 tera T 10−6 micro μ
109 giga G 10−9 nano n
106 mega M 10−12 pico p
103 kilo k 10−15 femto f
10−1 deci d 10−18 atto a
FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS
IMPENDENCE
i-vRELATIONSHIPS PHASOR-DOMAIN S-DOMAIN
Resistor vRðtÞ=iRðtÞR=iRGðtÞ iRðtÞ=vRRðtÞ=vRðtÞG ZR R R
Z
Inductor vLðtÞ=LdidLtðtÞ iLðtÞ=L1 0tvLðxÞdx+iLð0Þ ZL jωL Ls
Z
Capacitor vCðtÞ=C1 0tiCðxÞdx+vCð0Þ iCðtÞ=CdvdCtðtÞ ZC jω1C C1s
CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM GAINS
v +
1 v
– O v v Z + Z
1 K O K = 1 2
Z
Z Z 2
2 1
Noninverter
Z Z v
1 2 O
v
1 v v Z
– 1 K O K = – 2
Z
+ 1
Inverter
Z Z v v
1 F O 1 K Z
v1 1 + vO K1 = – ZF
v – 1
2 Z2 + Inverting v2 K2 + K2 = – ZZF
2
Summer
Z Z v v
v1 1 2 O 1 K1 + v K = – Z2
Z – O 1 Z
3 1
v
2 Z + v2 K + K = Z1 + Z2 Z4
4 2 2 Z Z + Z
Subtractor 1 3 4
R C v
O
v
1 v v
– 1 K O K = – 1
RC
+
Integrator
C R v
v O
1
v v
– 1 K d O K = – RC
dt
+
Differentiator
Z
v1 1 + vO v1 K1 + K=Z /(Z+Z)
Z v 1 2 1 2
v 2 – R KAMP O K2=Z1 /(Z1+Z2)
2 A v + K =(R +R )/R
2 K AMP A B B
2
R
B
Noninverting Summer
v
1 + v v v
O 1 K O K=1
–
Follower

T A D
HE NALYSIS AND ESIGN
L C
OF INEAR IRCUITS
R E. T
OLAND HOMAS
Professor Emeritus
United States Air Force Academy
A J. R
LBERT OSA
Professor Emeritus
University of Denver
G J. T
REGORY OUSSAINT
Civilian Employee
United States Air Force
VICEPRESIDENT&DIRECTOR LaurieRosatone
SENIORDIRECTOR DonFowley
ACQUISITIONSEDITOR LindaRatts
SPONSORINGEDITOR MaryO’Sullivan
ASSISTANTDEVELOPMENTEDITOR AdriaGiattino
ASSISTANT CourtneyJordan
PROJECTMANAGER GladysSoto
PROJECTSPECIALIST NicholeUrban
PROJECTASSISTANT AnnaMelhorn
SENIORMARKETINGMANAGER DanielSayre
ASSISTANTMARKETINGMANAGER PujaKatariwala
ASSOCIATEDIRECTOR KevinHolm
SENIORCONTENTSPECIALIST NicoleRepasky
PRODUCTIONEDITOR ArunSurendar
PHOTORESEARCHER BillyRay
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ISBN:978-1-119-23538-5(BRV)
ISBN:978-1-119-23539-2(EVALC)
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData:
Thomas,RolandE.,1930-author.
Theanalysisanddesignoflinearcircuits/RolandE.Thomas,ProfessorEmeritus,UnitedStatesAirForceAcademy,AlbertJ.Rosa,Professor
Emeritus,UniversityofDenver,GregoryJ.Toussaint,CivilianEmployee,UnitedStatesAirForce.--8thedition.
pagescm
Includesindex.
ISBN978-1-119-23538-5(looseleaf)
1.Electriccircuits,Linear—Designandconstruction.2.Electriccircuitanalysis.I.Rosa,AlbertJ.,1942-author.II.Toussaint,GregoryJ.,author.III.Title.
TK454.T4662016
621.319’2—dc23
2015031922
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P R E F A C E
W I D T T ?
HAT S IFFERENT ABOUT HIS EXT
Ourapproachtotheartofteachingcircuitsinourtextbookdiffersfrommostothers.
Werealizethatelectriccircuitsareintimatelyintegratedintosomuchofourmodern
technologythatmanystudentsfromdifferent disciplines needtolearnaboutthem.
Studyingcircuitscanbedaunting,butinteresting,practical,andrewarding.Thiscan
betrueevenforstudentswhoarenotmajoringinelectricalorcomputerengineering.
Webelievethatmoststudentswhopursueengineeringstudieswishtobecreativeand
designthings.Mostcircuitstextsdonotfocusonthisbasicdesire,ratherspendtheir
pagesteachingwhyandhowelectriccircuitsworkwithoutaffordingthestudentan
opportunitytoputthislearningintopractice.Thelongerittakesstudentstotrytheir
handindesigningthings,themorelikelyitisthattheywillbecomedisillusionedand
frustrated—perhapseven tothe point ofchanging toadifferentmajor.
Wehavelongbelievedthatanearlyintroductiontodesignanddesignevaluation
raisestheexcitementlevelandgreatlyincreasesstudentinterestintheirchosendis-
cipline.Over50yearsofcombinedteachingexperienceattheUSAFAcademy,the
UniversityofDenver,theUniversityofColoradoatDenver,andtheAirForceInsti-
tute of Technology, has only served to strengthen our belief. This new edition
furthers this strategy by adding more design and evaluation examples, exercises,
homeworkproblems,andreal-worldapplications.Inaddition,studentstodaysolve
problemsusingcomputers,byhand,andwithacalculator.Accesstopersonalcom-
puters,laptops,notebookcomputers,and“smart”devicesisnearlyubiquitous,and
keysoftware usedincircuit analysis anddesignhasbecomeavailableforfreeorat
very deep discounts for students. This edition of our text includes more software
examples, exercises, and discussions geared to making the study of circuits more
inlinewiththeinterestsoftoday’sstudents.Ourtexthasalwaysincludedsoftware,
butgenerallyasanextensionforsolvingcircuitsbyhand.Thiseditioncontinuesour
effortbegunwiththesixtheditionbyintegratingsoftwareintimatelyintothesolution
ofcircuitproblems whenever andwhereveritreallyhelpstosolvetheproblems. It
stillrecognizesthatusingsoftwaredoesnotreplacetheintuitionthatengineersmust
developtoanalyze,design,andmakesmartjudgmentsaboutdifferentworkingsolu-
tions ordesigns.
TheeighteditionofTheAnalysisandDesignofLinearCircuitsimprovesonthe
seventheditionandremainsfriendlytouserswhopreferaLaplace-Earlyapproach
championedinourfirstedition,orthosefavoringthemoretraditionalPhasor-First
approachtoACcircuits.Alatersectiondiscusseshowtousethistexttopursueeither
approachusingthreedifferentfocuses.Inthisedition,wehaveaddedmoreskill-level
examples,exercises,andproblemsthatcanhelpdevelopthestudent’sconfidencein
iv