Terrorism in Pakistan: The Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Challenge to Security

285 Pages·2019·3.003 MB·English

by  N. Elahi

N. Elahi is Honorary Director of the Centre for Peace and Security
Studies at the University of the Punjab. He holds a PhD from the
Universityofthe PunjabandanMAinIntelligenceandInternational
Security from King’s College London.

TERRORISM IN
PAKISTAN
The Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
and the Challenge to Security
N. E
LAHI
Publishedin2019by
I.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd
London•NewYork
www.ibtauris.com
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InternationalLibraryofTwentiethCenturyHistory127
ISBN(HB):9781784539993
ISBN(PB):9781838603762
eISBN:9781786722669
ePDF:9781786732668
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations viii
Abbreviations x
Foreword xii
Introduction 1
1. The Background to Militancy in Pakistan
before 2001 10
The Genesis 10
2. Four Phases of Extremism and Terrorism 22
First Phase 23
Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI) 24
Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD)/Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) 31
LeT’s Involvement in the Mumbai Incident 33
United Nations Ban on Jamaat-ud-Dawa/LeT 34
Transformation 36
3. The Second Phase 43
The Third Phase 46
Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) 47
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) 48
Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan (SMP) 55
4. The Rise of Militancy in Pakistan After 2001 57
The Fourth Phase 57
vi TERRORISM INPAKISTAN
The Four Factors 58
The Main Concern 67
5. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 75
Structure and System of TTP 77
TTP in Swat 78
TTP Punjab Chapter 84
TTP’s Tactics and Targets 86
6. Lal Masjid Operation, Escalation in Terrorist Activities
and Expansion Across the Country 95
The Use of Media and the Internet by Militants 101
Claiming Responsibility 107
Terrorism Financing 111
Public Support and Sympathy for TTP and Al Qaeda 116
7. The State Response 120
Counter-Insurgency (COIN) 120
Is a Military Method the Right Solution? 134
The Use of Lashkars to Counter Insurgents 135
Peace Deal Politics 137
Strength, Tenacity, Objectives and Previous Pacts (STOP) 138
The Shakai Agreement 142
The Sararogha Agreement (February 2005) 142
The Swat Agreement (May 2008) 142
Nizam-e-Adl Peace Deal in Swat (2009) 143
Laws to Tackle Insurgents and Terrorists 146
Countering Terrorism 149
Need for a Counter-Terrorism Strategy 151
Proposed Counter-Terrorism Strategy 154
Role of Security and Intelligence Agencies 155
Insipid Investigation and Placid Prosecution 161
8. Irritants and Impediments 164
Pashtun Nature 164
The Drone Effects 165
Drone Attacks in Pakistan: 2005–15 167
Myths, Conspiracy Theories and Facts 174
CONTENTS vii
9. The Existential Threat 183
Religious Extremism and Sectarianism 184
Economic Downturn 187
Social, Cultural and Psychological Fallouts 189
10. Future of TTP and Terrorism 203
Splintering of TTP: The Beginning of TTP’s End? 203
Would TTP Die after the US Departure from Afghanistan? 208
Conclusion 212
Appendix 215
Notes 238
Bibliography 245
Index 265
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Map
Map 4.1 Taliban-controlled areas in Afghanistan. 74
Figures
Figure 3.1 Trends of sectarian violence (2009–12). 47
Figure 8.1 An eight-arrow scenario. 173
Figure 9.1 Situation, progression and impact. 185
Tables
Table 5.1 Details of shrines/madaris bombed by terrorists
in KP. 91
Table 5.2 Details of the killing of Sunni Ulema linked with
various shrines in KP. 92
Table 5.3 Suicide attacks, deaths and injuries from 2002
to 2017. 93
Table 6.1 Fatalities in terrorist violence in Pakistan from
2003 to 2018. 100
Table 7.1 Military operations and peace deals. 121
LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
Table 7.2 SWOTanalysis of the situation. 154
Table 8.1 Drone attacks in Pakistan: 2005–15. 166
Table 9.1 Estimated losses during 2001–15. 189