Technological Roadmap on AI Planning and Scheduling

249 Pages·2003·3.66 MB·English

PLANET, the European Network of Excellence in AI Planning
Technological Roadmap
on
AI Planning and Scheduling
Susanne Biundo, Ruth Aylett, Michael Beetz,
Daniel Borrajo, Amedeo Cesta, Tim Grant,
Lee McCluskey, Alfredo Milani, Ge`rard
Verfaillie
(Editors)
Project Period: 1.08.2001 – 31.10.2003
PLANETII,theEuropeanNetworkofExcellencein
AIPlanning
IST-2000-29656
The project is funded by the European Commu-
nity under the “Information Society Technology”
Programme(1998–2002)
PrintedinOctober2003inUlm,Germany
Contents 3
Contents
Preface i
ExecutiveSummary iii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Intelligentplanningandscheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Applicationperspectivesandbenefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3. ThePLANETnetworkofexcellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4. TheIP&Stechnologicalroadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. IntelligentManufacturingSystems 5
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1. TheIntelligentManufacturingSystemsTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2. AIP&Sandintelligentmanufacturingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1. Whattheenduserswouldlike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2. Openissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3. Whatnewdevelopmentsareneeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4. Whatapplicationsshouldwetackle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3. WorkflowManagement 23
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.1. TheWorkflowManagementTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.2. AIP&Sandworkflowmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 ThePLANETNetworkofExcellenceTechnologicalRoadmaponAIPlanning
3.2.1. Humanissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.2. Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.3. Domainandbusinessmodeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.4. Planningandscheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.5. Enactment/execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.6. Adaptation,optimizationandmetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4. PlanningandSchedulingfortheWeb 67
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.1. ThePlanningfortheWebTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.2. AIP&Sandtheweb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1.3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.1. Thewebdomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5. RobotPlanning 89
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.1. TheRobotPlanningTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.1.2. AIP&Sinroboticsanditsrequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.1. Applicationsanddeployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.2. Representationforplan-basedcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.3. Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2.4. Planmanagementandreasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2.5. Planexecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2.6. Integratedplan-basedcontrolsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
http://www.planet-noe.org
Contents 5
6. AerospaceApplications 119
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.1.1. TheAerospaceApplicationsTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.1.2. AIP&Sandaerospaceapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.2.1. Aerospacemanufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.2.2. Aircraftoperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.2.3. Spacecraftoperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.2.4. Airtrafficmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2.5. Airportoperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.6. MRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.4. Appendix: Aerospacedomainanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7. KnowledgeEngineering 171
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.1.1. TheKnowledgeEngineeringTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.1.2. KnowledgeengineeringinAIP&S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.2.1. Domainmodelrepresentationlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.2.2. Knowledgeengineeringsupporttoolsandenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.2.3. Knowledge-basedsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.2.4. SemanticwebandAIplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.5. Formalmethodsinsoftwareengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.2.6. Machinelearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8. OnlinePlanningandScheduling 211
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.1.1. TheOnlinePlanningandSchedulingTCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.1.2. AIP&Sandonlineplanningandscheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.1.3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.2. Roadmapthemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.2.1. Onlineplanningandschedulingsettingandassociatedrequirements . . . . . 214
8.2.2. Agenericarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
6 ThePLANETNetworkofExcellenceTechnologicalRoadmaponAIPlanning
8.2.3. Analysisandsynthesisofapproaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
8.3. Summaryandconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9. SummaryofRecommendedActionsandConclusions 221
A. FurtherReadingandLinks 229
B. ContributingStakeholders 231
C. TheMembersofPLANET 233
http://www.planet-noe.org
Chapter0. Preface i
Preface
Atthebeginningofthenewcentury,InformationTechnologieshadbecomebasicandindispensable
constituents of the production and preparation processes for all kinds of goods and services and
with that are largely influencing both the working and private life of nearly every citizen. This
developmentwillcontinueandevenfurthergrowwiththecontinuallyincreasinguseoftheInternet
inproduction,business,science,education,andeverydaysocietalandprivateundertaking.
Recentyearshaveshown,however,thatadramaticenhancementofsoftwarecapabilitiesisrequired,
when aiming to continuously provide advanced and competitive products and services in all these
fast developing sectors. It includes the development of intelligent systems – systems that are more
autonomous,flexible,androbustthantoday’sconventionalsoftware.
Intelligent Planning and Scheduling is a key enabling technology for intelligent systems. It has
been developed and matured over the last three decades and has successfully been employed for a
variety of applications in commerce, industry, education, medicine, public transport, defense, and
government.
Thisdocumentreviewsthestate-of-the-artinkeyapplicationandtechnicalareasofIntelligentPlan-
ningandScheduling. Itidentifiesthemostimportantresearch,development,andtechnologytransfer
effortsrequiredinthecoming3to10yearsandshowsthewayforwardtomeetthesechallengesin
theshort-,medium-andlonger-termfuture.
TheroadmaphasbeendevelopedundertheregimeofPLANET–theEuropeanNetworkofExcellence
inAIPlanning. Thisnetwork,establishedbytheEuropeanCommissionin1998,istheco-ordinating
frameworkforresearch,development,andtechnologytransferinthefieldofIntelligentPlanningand
SchedulinginEurope.
AlargenumberofpeoplehavecontributedtothisdocumentincludingthemembersofPLANET non-
Europeaninternationalexperts,andanumberofindependentexpertpeerreviewers. Allofthemare
acknowledgedinaseparatesectionofthisdocument.
IntelligentPlanningandSchedulingisafar-reachingtechnology. Acceptingthechallengesandpro-
gressingalongthedirectionspointedoutinthisroadmapwillenableanewgenerationofintelligent
applicationsystemsinawidevarietyofindustrial,commercial,public,andprivatesectors.
SusanneBiundo
DirectorofPLANET
ii ThePLANETNetworkofExcellenceTechnologicalRoadmaponAIPlanning
http://www.planet-noe.org
Chapter0. ExecutiveSummary iii
Executive Summary
This roadmap document is an integrated collection of the individual roadmaps developed in the
TechnicalCoordinationUnitsofPLANETandeditedbytherespectiveTCUchairs.
Intelligent Manufacturing Systems
Chapter 2 gives an overview of the application of AI Planning and Scheduling technologies to in-
dustrial –primarily manufacturing– domains. It gives some basic definitions of terms such as AI
planning and scheduling, and the same words as used in intelligent manufacturing research. It con-
sidersthecurrentstateoftheartinAIP&SandinIntelligentManufacturingasitrelatestoplanning
andscheduling. AnoverviewofapplicationstowhichAIP&Shasbeenappliedinmanufacturingis
given,andthepotentialcontributionofthetechnologyisdiscussed.
The requirements of manufacturing are also analyzed and the issues involved in meeting these re-
quirementswithAIP&Stechnologyarediscussed. Thenewareasthatneedtobetackledifplanning
and scheduling technology is to be successfully taken up in manufacturing domains are examined
and the community-building actions that should take place alongside this research programme is
alsoevaluated. TheRoadmapattemptstoevaluatetheobstacleswhichhaveimpededthepenetration
of PLANET technologies into manufacturing applications as well as to examine the ways in which
thoseobstaclesmightbeeroded. Finally,referencesaregivenforfurtherinformation.
RuthAylett
Workflow Management
Chapter 3 presents an R&D Roadmap for AI Planning and Scheduling applied to business pro-
cess management (BPM) produced by the Workflow Management Technical Coordination Unit of
PLANET.ThepurposeoftheWorkflowManagementRoadmapistocoordinateR&Dbyestablishing
end-userrequirementsonshortmediumandlongtimescalesandproposingresearchandtechnology
transfer goals and activities that will enable the requirements to be satisfied. The current version is
only a first step towards such a Roadmap, which in any case should be a living document updated
regularly. BPM and AI P&S are two disciplines with many parallels, but which have largely been
pursuedbydisjointcommunities. AnecessaryprecursortoproducingaRoadmapistoalignthetwo
disciplines so that specialists in each can understand each other. One of the main achievements to
datehasbeentodevelopanunderstandingofhowthe“worldview”,vocabulary,challenges,etc. of