Syntactic Categories: Their Identification and Description in Linguistic Theories (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology)

455 Pages·2010·3.62 MB·English

by  Gisa Rauh

Syntactic Categories
OXFORD SURVEYS IN SYNTAX AND MORPHOLOGY
general editor: Robert D. Van Valin, Jr, Heinrich-Heine University and the
UniversityatBuffalo,StateUniversityofNewYork
advisory editors: Guglielmo Cinque, University of Venice; Daniel Everett,
IllinoisStateUniversity;AdeleGoldberg,PrincetonUniversity;KeesHengeveld,
University of Amsterdam; Caroline Heycock, University of Edinburgh; David
Pesetsky, MIT; Ian Roberts, University of Cambridge; Masayoshi Shibatani,
Rice University; Andrew Spencer, University of Essex; Tom Wasow, Stanford
University
published
1.GrammaticalRelations
PatrickFarrell
2.MorphosyntacticChange
OlgaFischer
3.InformationStructure:TheSyntax-DiscourseInterface
NomiErteschik-Shir
4.ComputationalApproachestoSyntaxandMorphology
BrianRoarkandRichardSproat
5.ConstituentStructure(Secondedition)
AndrewCarnie
6.ProcessingSyntaxandMorphology:ANeurocognitivePerspective
InaBornkessel-SchlesewskyandMatthiasSchlesewsky
7.SyntacticCategories
GisaRauh
inpreparation
TheAcquisitionofSyntaxandMorphology
ShanleyAllenandHeikeBehrens
ThePhonology–MorphologyInterface
SharonInkelas
ComplexSentences
ToshioOhori
ArgumentStructure:TheSyntax–LexiconInterface
StephenWechsler
Syntactic Categories
Their Identification and Description in
Linguistic Theories
GISA RAUH
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,
andeducationbypublishingworldwidein
Oxford NewYork
Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi
KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi
NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto
WithoYcesin
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece
Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore
SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam
OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress
intheUKandincertainothercountries
PublishedintheUnitedStates
byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork
# GisaRauh2010
Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted
DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,
withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,
orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate
reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction
outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,
OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove
Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover
andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Dataavailable
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010922496
TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
onacid-freepaperby
CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire
ISBN 978–0–19–928142–8(Hbk.)
978–0–19–928143–5(Pbk.)
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
GeneralPreface x
Acknowledgements xi
ListofAbbreviations xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Categoriesandcategorizationinlinguistics 1
1.2 Subjectmatter,aims,andoutline 8
2 Thetraditionalpartsofspeech 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 ThegrammarofDionysiusThrax 14
2.3 ThepartsofspeechintheT´ekhne¯grammatike¯ 17
2.4 The traditional parts of speech in selected grammars of the
nineteenthcentury 20
2.5 Partsofspeechassemanticcategories 24
2.6 Problemswiththetraditionalpartsofspeech 28
3 TheAmericanStructuralists’approach:Syntacticcategoriesas
distributional classes 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Languageasanobjectofscientificstudy 34
3.3 Towardsadescriptionofthestructuresoflanguages 36
3.4 Identifyingsyntacticcategories 41
3.5 Inconsistencies and problems concerning the identification of
syntacticcategories 48
4 SyntacticcategoriesinearlyGenerativeGrammar 54
4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 AspectsoftheChomskyantheoryoflanguage 57
4.3 OntheorganizationofaGenerativeGrammar:twoexamples 60
4.4 Syntacticcategoriesanduniversalgrammar 68
4.5 Reducingthesetofcategories 73
4.6 Universalvs.language-specificsyntacticcategories 76
5 Categories,features,andprojections 82
5.1 Introduction 82
5.2 A modular theory of grammar: the Theory of Principles and
Parameters 84
vi contents
5.2.1 Generaltheoreticalconsiderations 84
5.2.2 OndeterminingtheD-structureofsentences 87
5.2.3 OnderivingS-structure,LF,andPF 89
5.2.4 Someimportantquestions 92
5.3 X-bar theory:onX 93
5.3.1 The origin of X-bar theory and the identification of
major(lexical)categories 93
5.3.2 Towardsamotivationofthecategorialfeatures 96
5.3.3 Includingminorcategories 98
5.3.4 Identifyingfunctionalcategories 102
5.4 Lexicalandfunctionalcategoriesandthelicensingof
constituents 107
5.4.1 Licensingcomplementsandspecifiersoflexicalheads 108
5.4.2 Licensingspecifiersoffunctionalheads 110
5.4.3 Licensingcomplementsoffunctionalheadsvs.
licensingfunctionalheadsinextendedprojectionsof
lexicalheads 113
5.4.4 A modified u-theory and the licensing of functional
headsandadjunctsinprojectionsoflexicalheads 115
5.5 Morphosyntaxandsyntacticcategories 120
5.5.1 Morphosyntax,wordorder,andthesplittingofIP 120
5.5.2 SplittingCPandyetmorefunctionalcategories 124
5.5.3 Consequences for the identification and description of
syntacticcategories 127
5.6 Features,checking,andsyntacticcategories 129
5.6.1 Introductory remarks 129
5.6.2 AnoutlineoftheMP 131
5.6.3 SyntacticcategoriesintheMP 136
5.7 Feature-based representations of syntactic categories in the
PPTandtheMP 141
6 Syntacticcategories,functionalfeatures,andfeaturestructures 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Alexical-functionalapproachtolanguage 153
6.2.1 Considering languageuniversalandlanguage
particularneeds 153
6.2.2 Ongeneratingannotatedc-structures 155
contents vii
6.3 SyntacticcategoriesinLFG 161
6.3.1 Functional features and the description of lexical and
functionalcategories 162
6.3.2 Conditionsonc-structuresandtheirimpactonthe
descriptionofsyntacticcategories 165
6.4 HPSGasasystemofsigns 169
6.4.1 Featurestructures 171
6.4.2 Onderivingfeaturestructuresoftypewordinthelexicon 175
6.4.3 Syntacticprinciplesandrules 178
6.4.4 Insteadoftransformations 183
6.5 SyntacticcategoriesinHPSG 186
6.5.1 Featurestructuresandthedescriptionofsyntactic
categories 186
6.5.2 Someexamplesasillustration 190
6.6 FeaturestructuresandsyntacticcategoriesinLFGandHPSG 196
7 NotionalapproachestosyntacticcategoriesandCognitive
Grammar 206
7.1 Introduction 206
7.2 Partsofspeech,syntacticcategories,andnotionally-based
categorization 209
7.3 CognitiveGrammarasausage-andmeaning-basedalternative
toformalgrammars 214
7.3.1 General assumptions 215
7.3.2 Grammaticalconstructions:symbolization,
categorization, andintegration 220
7.3.3 Prototypical and non-prototypical component and
clausestructures 229
7.4 Towards an identification of syntactic categories in Cognitive
Grammar 237
7.4.1 Basicandnon-basicgrammaticalcategories 237
7.4.2 Grammaticalconstructionsanddistribution 250
7.5 Someproblemsintheidentificationofsyntacticcategories 257
8 Anotional-featurebasisforsyntacticcategoriesinaLocalist
CaseGrammar 264
8.1 Introduction 264
viii contents
8.2 Notionalfeaturesandthedescriptionofwordclasses 268
8.2.1 Basicwordclassesor‘primarycategories’ 269
8.2.2 Intermediateprimarycategories 271
8.2.3 Secondarycategories 274
8.3 Subcategorizations andredundanciesinthelexicon 279
8.3.1 Categorialselectionofcomplementsandby
retro-complements 280
8.3.2 Functorfeaturesspecifyingvalencies 282
8.4 Buildingsyntacticstructures 288
8.4.1 Syntacticprojection 289
8.4.2 Buildingsurfacestructures 290
8.5 SyntacticcategoriesinaLocalistCaseGrammar 298
8.5.1 Generalassumptions,inconsistencies,andproblems 299
8.5.2 Extensionsandrevisions 305
8.6 Notional approaches to syntactic categories and the question
ofcategorystructure 313
9 Syntacticcategoriesandlanguagetypology 322
9.1 Introduction 322
9.2 Investigating linguisticcategoriesinlanguagetypology 325
9.2.1 Partsofspeechor‘wordclasses’ 325
9.2.2 Syntacticcategoriesorpartsofspeech? 332
9.2.3 Lexicalandsyntacticcategories 339
9.3 Agrammaticalmodelforlanguagetypology:Dik’s
FunctionalGrammar 345
9.3.1 Generalassumptions,aims,andarchitectureofthe
grammar 346
9.3.2 Derivingunderlyingclausestructures 348
9.3.3 Expressionrules 351
9.3.4 SyntacticcategoriesinFG 355
9.4 Analternativeapproach:RoleandReferenceGrammar 359
9.4.1 Syntacticstructures 359
9.4.2 Logicalstructuresandsemanticrepresentations 369
9.4.3 Thelinkingsystem 374
9.4.4 Syntacticvs.lexicalcategoriesinRRG 378
contents ix
9.5 Thespecialsituationoflanguagetypology 383
10 Syntacticcategoriesandpartsofspeech:Twotypesof
linguisticcategorization 389
10.1 Syntacticcategoriesinlinguistictheories:results
andconclusions 389
10.2 Partsofspeechascognitivelexicalcategories 396
References 401
AuthorIndex 425
SubjectIndex 428