Synergy : science and technology, applied science and technology, secondary cycle two, year 1. Student Textbook

560 Pages·2009·45.822 MB·French

by  Claudie Chartré, Isabelle Levert

CHENELIÈRE ÉDUCATION
Laboratory Instruments
Miscellaneous accessories
Stirring rod and Erlenmeyer flasks and
magnetic stir bar rubber stopper
Round-bottom flask Wash bottle
Beakers and beaker tongs Safety glasses
Petri dish
Mortar and pestle
Dropping pipette and
dropper bottle
Litmus paper
Funnel and funnel stand
Spatula
Test tubes, rubber stoppers,
test-tube stand and Retort stand, ring clamp and
test-tube tongs universal clamp
and Equipment
Observation instruments Dissecting tools
Slides and coverslips Pan, forceps, scalpel, scissors
Microscope
Measuring instruments Heating instruments
Quad-beam balance Bunsen burner
Graduated cylinder Crucible
Thermometer Hot plate
Overflow can

Claudie Chartré
Isabelle Levert
With the collaboration of Olivier-LouisRobert (Space)•
MichelCaillier(The Earth)•ChantalRacline, ÉricAthlan
(TheLivingWorld)•DominiquePicard(The Living World
and Biotechnology)•Marie-LuceLeclerc(TheMaterial
World)•SophieBlais (TheTechnological World)
Translators:Jacquie Charlton,CristinaCusano,
Jacqueline Dinsmore,ClaireDupuis,JenniferWestlake
CHENELIÈRE ÉDUCATION
Synergy
ScienceandTechnology Acknowledgments
AppliedScienceandTechnology
The publisherwishestothankthefollowingteachersfortheir
SecondaryCycleTwo,Year1
invaluableguidance:FrancineBeaudet,Écolesecondaire
StudentTextbook
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©2009LesÉditionsdelaChenelièreinc.
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Translators:JacquieCharlton,CristinaCusano, LaPocatière(Biotechnology);RichardMartel,Universitéde
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Table of Contents
TextbookLayout ...........................VI Tissues,Organs
ConceptsofSTandASTPrograms ............X andSystems ................62
TestYourKnowledge! ...........65
SectionReview ................66
Chapter 1
Section 2Nutrition......................67
TheDigestiveSystem ...........68
TestYourKnowledge! ...........87
TheRespiratorySystem .........89
The Earth and Space TestYourKnowledge! ...........98
.................2
TheCirculatoryand
Cycle One Review ....................4
LymphaticSystems ..........99
Section 1 Space .........................7 TestYourKnowledge! ..........119
TheScaleoftheUniverse ........8 TheExcretorySystem...........121
ConditionsConducivetothe HowSystemsWorkTogether ....126
DevelopmentofLife .........20 TestYourKnowledge! ..........127
TestYourKnowledge! ..........24 SectionReview................128
SectionReview................25
Section 3Interrelationships ..............131
Section 2 TheEarth .....................26 TheNervousSystem ...........132
Fossils........................27 TestYourKnowledge! ..........144
Stratigraphy ..................28 SensoryReceptors.............146
TheGeologicalTimeScale ......29 AnatomyoftheEye .........146
TestYourKnowledge!........155
MajorStagesintheHistoryof
AnatomyandPhysiology
LifeonEarthandMassive
oftheEar ..................156
Extinctions .................32
TestYourKnowledge! ........161
TestYourKnowledge! ..........42
AnatomyoftheSkin.........161
SectionReview ................43
TestYourKnowledge!........167
AnatomyoftheNoseand
Chapter 2 Tongue ....................167
TestYourKnowledge!........172
TheMusculoskeletal
System ....................173
TestYourKnowledge! ..........188
The Living World SectionReview ...............190
.....................44
Cycle One Review ...................46 Section 4 Reproduction .................195
TheStagesofLife .............196
Section 1TheHierarchical
TheMaleReproductiveSystem ...197
OrganizationofLife .........49
TheCell.......................50 TheFemaleReproductive
DNAand System ...................202
GeneticMaterial ..........51
TestYourKnowledge!..........209
TestYourKnowledge! ........53
HowSystemsWorkTogether ....211
CellDivision ................54
SectionReview................212
GeneticDiversity ............58
TestYourKnowledge! ........62
TABLEOFCONTENTS III
Section 5 Waves .......................293
Chapter 3 TypesofWaves ...............294
TheCharacteristicsofWaves ...296
Sound .......................298
TheElectromagnetic
Spectrum ...............300
The Material World TheDeviationof
.................214
LightWaves ...............303
Cycle One Review ...................216 Lenses .......................310
Section 1 OrganizationofMatter ........217 TestYourKnowledge! ..........313
AtomsandMolecules ..........217 SectionReview ................315
PureSubstances ..............220
Homogeneousand
Chapter 4
HeterogeneousMixtures ....222
TheParticleModel ............225
TestYourKnowledge! ..........227
SectionReview ...............228
The Technological World
..........318
Section 2 PropertiesofMatter...........229
CharacteristicPhysical Cycle One Review ..................320
Properties .................232
Section 1 GraphicalLanguage ...........323
CharacteristicChemical TheConceptualSketchandthe
Properties .................242
TechnicalDrawing ..........324
PropertiesofSolutions ........244 BasicLines ...................325
TestYourKnowledge! ..........250 GeometricLayout .............327
SectionReview ...............252 Scales .......................328
TestYourKnowledge! ..........329
Section 3 ChangesinMatter ............253
TypesofProjection ............330
PhysicalChanges..............255
TestYourKnowledge! ..........336
ChemicalChanges ............267
FormsofEnergy ..............273 AST Cross-sections ................337
Sections .....................339
TestYourKnowledge! ..........275
AST Tolerances ....................341
SectionReview ...............277
TestYourKnowledge! ..........342
Section 4 Fluids .......................279 DiagramsandSymbols ........343
Pressure .....................280 TestYourKnowledge! ..........349
Compressibleand SectionReview ...............350
IncompressibleFluids .......286 Section 2 Engineering ..................353
TheRelationshipBetween MechanicalEngineering .......354
PressureandVolumeof TestYourKnowledge! ..........371
CompressibleFluids ........287 AST ElectricalEngineering ..........372
TestYourKnowledge! ..........289 TestYourKnowledge! ..........378
SectionReview................291 SectionReview ...............379
IV
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Section 3 Materials.....................381 Topic 9 ............................... 447
Stress .......................382 Topic 10 .............................. 448
MechanicalProperties Topic 11 .............................. 449
ofMaterials ...............385 Topic 12 .............................. 450
TypesofMaterialsand Topic 13 .............................. 452
TheirProperties ............386
Topic 14 .............................. 453
TestYourKnowledge! .........400
Topic 15 .............................. 454
SectionReview ...............401
Topic 16 .............................. 456
AST Section 4 Manufacturing ...............403 Topic 17 .............................. 457
AST Measuring ...................404 Topic 18 .............................. 458
AST LayingOut...................406 Topic 19 .............................. 460
AST Machining ...................407 Topic 20 .............................. 462
AST Assembling ..................407 Topic 21 .............................. 463
AST Finishing ....................407 Topic 22 .............................. 464
TestYourKnowledge! .........409
SectionReview ...............410
Section 5 Biotechnology ................411
Toolbox
Pasteurization ................413
Vaccines .....................415
AssistedReproduction ........420
CellCultures .................425
Summary ..............................467
GeneticTransformation........428
EthicalQuestionsRaisedby Tool1 ................................468
Biotechnology .............430
Tool2 ................................474
TestYourKnowledge! ..........431
T SectionReview ...............433 Tool3 ................................479
Tool4 ................................483
Tool5 ................................485
opics Tool6 ................................489
Tool7 ................................493
Tool8 ................................496
Summary ...............................435 Tool9 ................................498
Topic 1 ............................... 436
Tool10 ................................506
Topic 2 ............................... 437
Topic 3 ............................... 438 Tool11 ................................507
Topic 4 ............................... 439
Tool12 ................................ 512
Topic 5 ...............................440
Topic 6 ............................... 442
Glossary and Index
Topic 7 ...............................444 .................524
Topic 8 ............................... 446 Credits .................................539
TABLEOFCONTENTS V
Textbook Layout
Synergyisdividedintofourchapters:“TheEarthandSpace,”“TheLivingWorld,”“TheMaterial
World”and“TheTechnologicalWorld.”Thechaptersarefollowedbyaseriesoftopicsthat
givestudentsanopportunitytousewhattheyhavelearnedinthechapters.TheToolbox
presentstechniquesandstrategiesthatmakeiteasierforstudentstoperformtheactivi-
tiessuggestedinthetopics.Finally,theGlossaryandIndexgivesmeaningsforwordsand
expressionscommonlyusedinscienceandtechnology.
Introduction to the chapter
Chapter 2
T
heLivingWorld
Manyfascinatingphenomenaoccurinthehumanbody.
Oneexampleishowthezygote,amicroscopiccell, Theintroductorytext
developsintoacompleteanduniquehumanbeing,
acomplexorganismmadeupofseveralsystems,allof outlinestheconcepts
whichareinterconnected.Itisabletoreproduceand
givelifetoanotherhumanbeingthatisjustasunique thatwillbecoveredin
andcomplex.In“TheLivingWorld,”youwilllearnall
abouttheamazingcomplexityofthehumanbody. thechapter.
Thischapterexplainsthevariouslevelsoforganization
inthehumanbody,thatis,thecells,tissuesandorgans
thatmakeupitssystems.Byanalyzingthecelland
celldivision,wewillseewhynotwoindividualsare
identical.Learningabouttheanatomyandphysiology
ofthebody’smajorsystemsgives TheSummarypresents
usabetterunderstandingofhow Summary
itworksandencouragesusto SECTION1 thevarioussectionsthat
adoptahealthylifestyle. TheHierarchicalOrganizationofLife.....49
SNEuCtTriItOioNn2.............................67 makeupthechapter.
SECTION3
Interrelationships.....................131
SECTION4
Reproduction.........................195
44 45
TheCycleOneReview
CycleOneReview EXCHANGESBETWEENTHECELLANDITSENVIRONMENT
providesareviewof
Diffusionandosmosis
CycleOneconceptsin CHARACTERISTICSOFLIVINGTHINGS Mechanismsthroughwhichsubstancescrossthecellmembrane.
Thecell
theformofconceptmaps Thecelrleipsrtohdeubcea.siScoumneitcoefllslifaer.eItecvaennafebeldetitosemlfo,vgero.wand MovementofpartDicilfefsufsrioomnanareaofhigher ThepassageofwatOersamcroosssisthecellmembrane.
anddiagrams. concentrationtoanareaoflower Watermovesfromanareawithalowersolute
concentrationuntilanequilibrium concentrationtoanareaofhighersolute
Maincomponentsof Cellularrespiration isreached. concentrationuntilanequilibrium
theanimalcell Achemicalreactionthatproducesenergy isreached.
bytransformingnutrients(e.g.glucose)in
Cytoplasm tthharaneetdipcoerwnellas.ateTlenshroce(eHrceoh2lOfeeaom),sxwieycsghaeclicnaehrq(bOuaora2ne)t.iedoCvineoalxclfuoiudlraaectree(rCdlelOusbp2lya)i-r Diffusion Equilibrium Osmosis Equilibrium
respirationis: 2% 4% 2% 4%
Cmeellmbrane NutriIeNnPUtTsS+O2EnergyO+UCTPOU2TS+H2O 6% 4% 6% 4%
ThenuacclteivuistNiceuosclnetuhtrsroolusgthh:ecell’s T(cbooheuncetacsseuiondsleuterttatehhtieleoecncaeev(lleilln)smsatinehdmdeemabthrreoaeanvceeoesfillsth)o.piwTgehhramiersdremctaohbonelvecea.emrnetearnaottfioolconcwuerrs Wc(tmoheaualeltkt)seseaorisndlluedtehtatmeivhseboemsuvctteoehspvlelee)t.omarTmwreehaenaeratdocbpeflteollhlostemwsoiaebetrmrleheace.boorsnaofcnlheveinegitnshrtaeim(trwicopaonetnre(mcirne),ensawitdbrhaeleitctihhtooen
StruCchturoremsocsoonmtaeinsing SubsItnapnucetssthat SubOstuatnpcueststhat Diffusion Equilibrium Osmosis Equilibrium
anindividual’sgeneticcode. enterasystem areproduced
Inanimalandplantcells, (e.g.acell)and byasystem
ltohceatcehdroinmtohseonmuecsleaures. foarrtehneescyesstseamryto an(de.tgh.eancleelal)ve 6% 4% 6% 4%
Chrcoomnotasionm:es funcTthioeninppruotpserly. Tthheeosyusttpeumts. 2% 4% 2% 4%
ofcellular ofcellular
respirationare: respirationare:
ChrosmpeocsiofimcegesneegGtmiecnecenhstasrtahcatetrdisettiecrsm.ine ––noxuytgrieennt(sO2) –––decwaniaoretbxreiogdrnye(H(2COO)2) Tttchieholeelncms(eooellulum)ttasbenirdldaeenamtevhoeiessvecptsehelertl)mo.awTerehaaarbidsloemtf.hhoeivgaehrmeearencootfnoloccewcnuetrrrsacbtoienoccnaeu(nisntersaitd-hee Wc(stihoenalilslsut)ietdmareenolbdetvuhaemvtemepocseevenrtellmhts).epteToaoahwrbseeslaaeicrbedotlloeflt.lmhtoheweeamesrreobaclrvoaoennfnechteiin(sgwthirmaaettrpeicroe)orn,mnw(coeheuanibcttshlreiadmtteioaotknthheese
46 CHAPTER2•TheLivingWorld CYCLEONEREVIEW 47
VI
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