Table Of ContentSustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients
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Woodhead Publishing Series in
Energy: Number 95
Sustainable Energy from
Salinity Gradients
Edited by
Andrea Cipollina and Giorgio Micale
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Covercredits:TheEditorswouldliketoacknowledgeDr.MicheleTedesco(our“graphical
artist”)fortheillustration“twodropletsofenergy”reportedinthebookcover.
List of contributors
A. Achilli HumboldtState University,Arcata, CA, United States
G.BlandinGhentUniversity,Gent,Belgium;TheUniversityofNewSouthWales,
Sydney,NSW, Australia
D. Brogioli Independent Researcher, Milan, Italy
T.-S.Chung National Universityof Singapore, Singapore
A. CipollinaUniversità degliStudi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
A. D’Angelo Università degli Studi diPalermo,Palermo, Italy
S. Derese Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
A. Galia Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy
S. Grasman REDstack B.V., Sneek, TheNetherlands
L. Gurreri Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy
G. HanNational UniversityofSingapore, Singapore
K.L. Hickenbottom HumboldtState University,Arcata, CA; Colorado School of
Mines,Golden, CO, United States
K. Kumpavat DNV GL, Arnhem, The Netherlands
F. La MantiaUniversity ofBremen,Bremen,Germany
P. Le Clech The UniversityofNew South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
X. LiNational Universityof Singapore, Singapore
G. Micale UniversitàdegliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy
M. Papapetrou WIP, Munich, Germany
M. Pasta University ofOxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
x Listofcontributors
A. Piacentino Università degli Studi diPalermo,Palermo, Italy
J. Post Wetsus, European Centre ofExcellence for Sustainable Water Technology,
Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
O. Scialdone Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy
A. TamburiniUniversitàdegliStudi diPalermo, Palermo,Italy
M. Tedesco Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy; Wetsus, European
Centreof Excellence for Sustainable WaterTechnology,Leeuwarden, The
Netherlands
M. Vanoppen GhentUniversity,Gent,Belgium
J. Veerman REDstack B.V., Sneek, TheNetherlands
A.R.D.VerliefdeGhentUniversity, Gent, Belgium
D.A.Vermaas AquaBattery B.V., Leiden; Delft University ofTechnology,Delft,
TheNetherlands
C. Wan National University ofSingapore, Singapore
S. Zhang National UniversityofSingapore, Singapore
Preface
ItwasquiteafewyearsagowhentheEditorsenteredincontactforthefirsttimewith
thesalinitygradientpower(SGP)community,agrowingcommunityofscientistsand
technologistsexploringprocessesandapplicationsofthisnewsourceofsustainable
energy.Sincethen,theEditorshaveenjoyedthepolyhedralnatureofthisbranchof
science, encompassing a variety of disciplines from water technology to membrane
science,electrochemistryandfluiddynamics,thermodynamics,andmanyotherengi-
neeringdisciplines.
Several studies indicate the importance of diversifying the energy sources for a
globalsustainablegrowth.Salinitygradientenergycanbepartofthenewgeneration
ofnon-conventionalsolutionsforanumberofenergy-relatedissues:energyproduc-
tion,energyconversion,andenergystorage.Yet,theapplicabilityofSGPtechnolo-
gies still poses some important challenges such as optimisation of materials and
processes, scalability tothe industrialscaleand overall economical sustainability.
The idea of this book originates from the need to have a simple yet wide and
reliable source of information on fundamental and applicative aspects related
toSGP,builtontheexperiencegainedsofarbyresearchersandR&D-drivencom-
panies. The book covers the many facets of this complex subject, making also an
attempt to standardising nomenclature, process classification, and relevant figures
of merit.
Indeed, with ‘Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients’, the Editors wish to
offerthereadersacompendiumonsalinitygradientenergyandrelatedtechnologies.
Book’s chapters are authored by some of the most knowledgeable scientists
pioneering the development of SGP processes, our colleagues and friends to whom
we are deeply grateful, who have greatly contributed to the book contents, sharing
with ustheir knowledge,experiences, and challenging R&D activities.
Thebookprovidesadetaileddescriptionoffundamentalsandapplicationsofthe
three main classes of SGP processes, namely Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO),
Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED), and Accumulator-mediated Mixing (AccMix). The
most up-to-date achievements of laboratory activities, prototyping experiences, and
industrialperspectivedevelopmentsarealsoreported.Inaddition,themostpromising
novelapplicationsofSGPtechnologiesarepresented:(i)SGP-enginesfortheconver-
sionoflow-temperatureheatintoelectricity,(ii)electrochemicalapplicationsofRED
forthetreatmentofpollutedstreamsortheproductionofhigh-valuechemicals,and
(iii)hybridschemestocoupleSGPwithdesalinationprocessesinordertosustainthe
energetic competitiveness of fresh water production from the sea. Finally, environ-
mentaland economic-relatedissuesare alsopresented.
Overall, the Editors believe this book can stand as a valuable reference for any
beginner approaching for the first time the topic of salinity gradient energy, for
xii Preface
studentsfromengineering,science,environmental,andtechnology-relatedareas,for
researchers and professionalsfocusingon specific aspects ofSGP technologies.
Wewouldliketodedicatethisbooktoourstudentswhohavespentmonthsoryears
contributing with new ideas and powerful drives to the progress of our research
activities at Università degli Studi di Palermo. They have been sharing with us the
fascinatinglifeofacademicresearch,producingthemostfruitfulinteraction.Ourstu-
dentsareinfact thebestsourceofinspiration andthestrongestmotivationtofulfill
our educational mission at its best.
A truly special acknowledgement to our colleague Alessandro Tamburini, with
whom we share in full our professional life, for his tireless and meticulous support
duringthe preparationof this book.
Lastbutnotleast,ahopefortwo‘veryyoungstudents’,PietroandLorenzo:that
theywillgrowwithloveforknowledgeandbraveryinundertakingthechallengeslife
will present tothem… for a bright future, shining like small stars inthe sky.
Andrea Cipollina and GiorgioMicale
Palermo, February 2016
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