Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Mobility
Ingemar Denbratt
Aleksandar Subic
Jörg Wellnitz Editors
Sustainable
Automotive
Technologies
2014
Proceedings of the 6th ICSAT
Lecture Notes in Mobility
Series editor
Gereon Meyer, Berlin, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11573
Ingemar Denbratt Aleksandar Subic
(cid:129)
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J rg Wellnitz
Editors
Sustainable Automotive
Technologies 2014
Proceedings of the 6th ICSAT
123
Editors
Ingemar Denbratt Jörg Wellnitz
AppliedMechanics Faculty of MechanicalEngineering
Chalmers University of Technology Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt
Goteborg Ingolstadt
Sweden Germany
Aleksandar Subic
Schoolof Aerospace, Mechanicaland
Manufacturing Engineering
RMIT University
Bundoora
Australia
ISSN 2196-5544 ISSN 2196-5552 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Mobility
ISBN978-3-319-17998-8 ISBN978-3-319-17999-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17999-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015939676
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
Theworld’spopulationisgrowingrapidly;itisexpectedtoincreasefrom7billion
peopletodaytobetween8and9billionin2030.Inthesametimeframe,theglobal
road fleet will grow from 1 billion vehicles today to an expected 1.7 billion. This,
togetherwithrising gross nationalproducts, will push energy consumption to ever
higher levels, causing further increases in atmospheric CO levels.
2
Moreover, air pollution is becoming a serious issue in megacities. There is a
broad consensus that the burning of fossil fuels must be reduced in the future,
mainly by increasing energy efficiency but also by gradually increasing the con-
tribution of renewable fuels to the global energy mix.
There are many factors that will affect future developments in transport and
energy use, including the availability and cost of fuel; regulatory standards gov-
erning fuel economy, exhaust emissions, and the use of renewable fuels; techno-
logical advances; globalization and urbanization (especially changes in the way
vehicles are used and the organization of transportation hubs); infrastructure; and
economic growth, especially in emerging and developing markets.
The automotive industry is undoubtedly a major driving force for much of the
technological development that occurs in modern society, and this is likely to
remain the case for the foreseeable future.
Inthemediumterm,researchanddevelopmentactivitiesrelatingtocars,trucks,
and buses will be primarily focused on improving engine and vehicle efficiency,
while maintaining compliance with increasingly stringent exhaust emissions
standards.
Key areas of vehicle technology that will be targeted to improve fuel efficiency
between 2015 and 2025 include propulsion systems, overall vehicle design and
aerodynamics, materials, electrification, parasitic losses, heat recovery, and
integration.
While many of the new technologies that will be needed have already been
testedanddemonstratedinprinciple,theirdetailsremaintobeworkedoutandthey
willhavetobeintegratedinaholisticway.Thiswillnecessitatethedevelopmentof
new control systems and methods for optimizing overall vehicle efficiency.
v
vi Preface
This book on Sustainable “Automotive Technologies” describes a cross-section
ofcurrentinternationalresearchactivitiesaimingtoaddressthechallengesthatwill
be presented by both the market and regulatory authorities in the near future.
Thebookcomprisessixmainchapters;(i)Electromobility,(ii)Systemssolutions
forsustainablemobility,(iii)Combustionengines,(iv)MaterialsandLightWeight
Design,(v)Alternativeandrenewablefuels,and(vi)Sustainability.Papersselected
forpublicationinthisbookhavebeenpresentedatthe6thInternationalConference
on Sustainable Automotive Technologies, ICSAT2014, held in Göteborg, Sweden
in September 2014.
Allofthecontributionsincludedinthisbookhavebeenreviewedindependently
by international experts with experience in relevant fields and have been edited
accordingly prior to publication.
Wewishtotakethisopportunitytothankalloftheparticipatingresearchersand
reviewers for their contributions, without which it would have been impossible to
produce this book. We also gratefully acknowledge Springer’s continuing support
ofthisresearchfield,whichhasenabledustoestablishandpublishaninternational
book series on Sustainable Automotive Technologies that has attracted worldwide
interest.
Finally, special thanks are due to Elenor Norberg for her brilliant work in
organizing ICSAT 2014.
Ingemar Denbratt
Aleksandar Subic
Jörg Wellnitz
Contents
Part I Electromobility
Range Extender Engines for Vehicles with Electrical Propulsion . . . . . 3
F. Ekström and J. Engman
Costs and Willingness-to-Pay for Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
R. Kochhan and M. Hörner
Part II Vehicle Dynamics
Better Road Design Using Clothoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hormoz Marzbani, Reza N. Jazar and M. Fard
Sustainable Flat Ride Suspension Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Hormoz Marzbani, Reza N. Jazar and M. Fard
Part III Engine Technologies
Gasoline Combustion System Development for Volvo Cars
All-New Engine Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Roy Ogink
Use of Late IVC and EGR to Enhance Diesel
Engine Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Jonas Sjöblom
vii
viii Contents
Numerical and Experimental Study of Stratified Turbulent
Combustion in a Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Engine. . . . . 77
Chen Huang, Andrei Lipatnikov, Lars Christian Riis Johansen
and Stina Hemdal
Ignition Delay, Lift-off and Soot Luminescence
in Diesel-Ethanol Spray Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chengjun Du, Mats Andersson and Sven Andersson
Lean Upgrade of Aftertreatment Systems
to Euro6b Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
P. Nilsson, C. Wang-Hansen, M. Lundgren and M. Hicks
Delivery Evaluation of High Pressure Natural
Gas Fuel Injection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Thomas Rogers, Phred Petersen, Prashanth Karra and Petros Lappas
Development of a Methodology to Evaluate the Energy
Efficiency of Heavy Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
P. Scherer and M. Geimer
Part IV Sustainability
Full Cost Accounting in the Automotive Industry:
A Systematic Review and Methodology Proposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
D. Jasinski, J. Meredith and K. Kirwan
Drivers of Sustainability in the Automotive Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Wilfried M. Bunzel and Thomas Ruhnau
Part V Material-Light Weight Design
Aspects of Damage Tolerance and Fatigue
of CFRP Structural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
U. Burger and L. Rochat
Corrosion Propagation Under Paint Films on Galvanized
Steel: A Comparison of Phosphating
and Thin Film Corrosion Pretreatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Konrad Tarka, Annabelle Jaako, Dan Persson,
Håkan Mattsson and Lars-Gunnar Johansson
Contents ix
Lightweight Design of Composite Sandwich Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
H. Bansemir
Part VI Alternative and Renewable Fuels
Effects of Natural Gas Percentage on Performance
and Emissions of a Natural Gas/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine. . . . . . . . . . . 181
Zhiqin Jia and Ingemar Denbratt
Investigation of Cold Start Operability, Long Term Impact,
Emissions and Fuel Consumption of HVO Fuel in Volvo
Car Engines and Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
M. Johansson, L. Jacobsson and H. Simonsen
Assessment of the Viability of Vegetable Oil Fuels: Species,
Land, Social, Environmental, Population
and Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
I.F. Thomas, N.A. Porter and P. Lappas
Design of a New Innovative High Pressure Hydrogen
System Depending on Multi-layer Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
D. Duschek and J. Wellnitz
Part VII Safety
Emergency Management Support by Spatial Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Jan Olaf Blech, Heinz Schmidt and Timos Sellis
Analytical and Numerical Approach of Dynamic Behaviour
of Flexible Metal Mesh Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
E. Wilhelm and J. Wellnitz
