Table Of ContentSUPERPOWER
RIVALRY
TheC olWda r1 945-1991
TonMyc Aleavy
HumanitIinessp ector
foGrl oucestershire
PUBLISHBEYDT HEP RESSSY NDICAOTFET HEU NIVERSIOTFCY A MBRIDGE
The PitBtu ildiTnrgu,m pingtSotnr eCeat,m bridgCeB 2l RPU,n iteKdi ngdom
CAMBRIDGUEN IVERSIPTRYE SS
The PitBtu ildiTnrgu,m pingtSotnr eCeat,m bridgCeB 2l Rr,U niteKdi ngdom
40W est2 0tSht reeNte,w YorkN,Y 10011-42U1S1A,
10S tamfoRroda d, Oakleigh, M3e1l6b6Ao,uu srtnrea lia
©CambridgUen iversPirteys 1s9 98
Thisb ooki si nc opyrigShutb.j etcots tatuteoxrcye ptiaonndt ot hep rovisions
ofr elevacnotl lective laigcreenesmienngnt osr ,e productoifao nny p armta y
takpel acwei thoutth ew rittpeenr missiofoC na mbridgUen iversPirteys s
Firsptu blish1e9d9 8
Printiendt heU niteKdi ngdoma tt heU niversPirteys Csa,m bridge
TypesientM onotypOec taviaannd F FM eta
Ac atarleocfgooturrhedb i osio askv aifrloatmbh Blere iL tiibsrha ry
ISBN0 5215 97309 p aperback
ProducebdyG eckoL imiteBdi,c ester, Oxon
IllustrabtyiG oencsk oL imiteadn dG errBya ll
Picturrees earbcyhM arilyn Rawlings
Acknowledgements
41a ndr ,8 ,1 1,2 2,2 4r2,7 ,3 3,4 3,4 7P eteNre wark'Hsi storiPciaclt ur5e,9s ;
ETA rchiv7e,1; 2 ,1 9,4 1,5 0( inse5t0)-,15 ,1 ( inse5t7),5, 8 -97,5 ,7 7( inset)
Popperfo1t6o,5; 6 ,6 2,7 6-7A KG London1;7 ,2 0,4 0tD avidK ingC ollection;
21,2 413,0 -1( andi nseHtu)l toGne tty2;3 ,2 8,3 5,3 9,4 9,5 3,5 5,6 1,6 3,6 4,6 5,
66,7 0,7 3C ameraP res3s4;,4 8B ilderdiSeinisdtd eutsVcehrelra 3g8;,4 0b4,6 ,
52, 7617,,7 4T ophamP icturepo4i4Bn lta;c Skt a(rp hotGoo rdoCnr anbourne).
The covepri ctusrheo wsa S ovieatn ti-pUoSs tefrr omt heC oldW are ra
(DaviKdi ng).
Contents
TheC olWda r
Ther oootfst h Ceo ldW ar 4
1495: tbhree akdoofwt nhw ea rtiamlaeln ice6
TheS oviteatk e-oofvE ears tEeurrno p1e4
TheT rumanD octrainnde Mtahre shPallnal 18
Americmaont ivaetts h set aorftt h Ceo lWda r 22
TheB erlBilno ckaandde NAT2O6
Revietwh:se t aorftt h Ceo lWda r 30
Contaitnhiesn pgr eoafdc ommunism
TheK oreWaanr 32
TheC ubamni sislceir si3s6
TheC olWda ra ndt hMei ddElaes t4 1
TheV ietnWaamr 42
Reviecwo:n taicnoimnmgu nis50m
Soviceotn torvoelEr a steErunr ope
Tito Satnadl 5i2n
The RAerdm yi nB udapaensdPt r agu5e3
BuildtihnBege rlWianl l6 0
Solriidta6y4
The arms 68r ace
Gorbacahnedv ftalholef t hSeo viEemtp ir7e0
Revi:et whSeo viEemtp i1r4e98 -19 76
Inde7x8
• BRIFIEN G
Ther ootosft heC olWda r
Almoassst o oanst hSee coWnodr lWda re ndetdh,we i nners Foc us
starttoae rdg uwei th oetahcIehrn p. a rticaub liatcrto,en rfl ict
Asy oufi ndo umto raeb outthC eo lWda r,
develobpeetdw etehUneS Aa ndt hUeS SR.T hisst ruggle
trtyo w oroku wth icohft hetsher ee
continuunetdi ll att1he89e 0 sW.al ter LipapnAm maenrni, c an
explanaytoiufio nndms o scto nvincing.
journawlriitsiitnnt gh1 e49 0sc,a lliaetdc ' o lwda 'ra ndt hpeh rase
habse ewni deulsyes di n.c e
Historhiaavpners o dutcherdce oen fliecxtpilnagn aftori ons
TheL nog-tecraums eosft hCeo dlW a r
thset aorftt h Ceo lWda r:
Ther oootfts h Ceo ld aWraterob ef oundi ne arlhiieosrrt yO.n e
TheU SSR wtaobs l amSet.a lpilna nnfoer dca o mmun ist
histosraiitadhn at thC eo ld War nsotitant r ht1ee49 d0,sb ,ui t n
take-ooftv hewero rlTdh.et ake-oofvEears ternw aE surope
191w7h,e tnh Reu ssiRaenv olutiopnl aatcnoedSo okv i et
thfei rssttet po warwdosr lcdo ntrol.
communiwsamsb or.Bn y1 91t7hUe S Aw ast hrei chceosutn tirny
2 TheU SAw as btloa mSeo.v iaectt iwoenrsde e efnsiTvheeU. S A
thweo rlTdh.e tcwoou ntwreirebeso tehn ormoaunsbd o thha d
wantteod cointtasrr oeolaf influbeurnte cufes etdoa lltohwe
great nraetsuoruarHlco ewse.vt ehre,wr aes cnhoa nocfre e al
USSRt od ot hsea m e.
friendsbheitpw etehneb me cautshleee adoeftr hsne e wS ovi et
3 Neitshiedrw ea s btloa mTeh.eC olWda rw asb aseodn Uniohna dex tremdeifelfrye bnetel fifsro mt hoosfAe m eri can
misunderstaanndfodr icnebsge yotnhdce o ntorfoblo stihd es. politicians.
AMERICANC APITALISM SOVIETC OMMUNISM
1 Peopels hodu lbe tform eaeke amsu ch 1 Ricphe poela er
monyea st hecya n. wicked asnedfil s h.
Thyes hodu blef orce d
2 Facrtioeasn do theprro petrys hodu bleo wnedb y
tos haert hewiera l th.
invdiidusaa nldc ompaine s.
2 Fcatroieasn do ther
3 Theg ovrenmetsn hodu iltnerfearsel itatsl e
possibilnte h levi es --- ----- ··-·· ·-- --- propertsyh uold be
ownedb yt hset ate
ofo rdinyap reoep.l
onb ehfao lfa ltlh e
4 Ate elcotnisp epoel
peoep .l
shodu lbaell owetdo
3 A communsit
chooasneoy net hye
govrenments huold
wanftor t h e
geitvn olevdi ne veyr
govrenmet n.
aspetco fl ei .f
5 TheP resssh odu ble f��
abelt oc riticise t�h e.. .............. 4 Ate elcotnisp epoel
shodu olnyl baelo lwed cthoo o se
govrenmet n.
,...,;.. hll•""•""' lf"HHlfl� ,..�,.�., � ... _ ... _....,..
mj:_fl:'!_:_:��."!_::_:m l '!!()*'c�om munsitfsor t hgeo vrenmetn.
6 Theg ovrenme nt
5 TheP resssh odun leverc irticaic soemm unisgto vrenment.
shodu nloti ntfeerr e
inr eliigo n. 6 Religbieoluisie sn fon senasned s hodu lbwei peodut by
thgeo vrenmnet.
4
Not onlAym edriidca nadnS ovileeta ddeirassg rteoet layEl.a ch Thec ommone nemy
sidwea sc omplectoenlvyi ntcheaidtt wraisga hntdt haott her
Theh ostibleittwyet ehne thea nUtdS hSAeo viUenti owna s
countarrioeustn hdwe o rlsdh oufloldl otwh eir lead. Americans
suspenidn1e 49d1 T.h ewye rlei nkbeytd h eciorm mowni stho
belietvheatdth a en swteowr o rlpdr oblemfsor o wtahspe ero ptloe
detsroHyi tlAessr o.o ansi lto okaestd h ouHgiht lwearsg oitnogb e
leatroln i ivne Aamne riwcaaynT. h e Solveiaedtwe errsse u rteh at
deefattehdoe l tde nsiont bore eg-aenm eHrigtelp.er red itchtaetd
theciorm muniidsetwa osu ledv entusaplrletyaoe d v ery country in
oncteh wea rw as otvheterw ow artiamlelw ioeusln dol onghearv e
thweo rdl.A sa r estuhlUetS Aa ndt hSeo viUenti owne rvee ry
anythiincn ogm moann d would hboescttoiomlweea redasco ht her
hosttiolwea rds eaacfht 1eo9rt 1.h 7e1Ir9n 1t9hUe S Aj oined
oncaeg ain.e nTodhf te h wea rp roduacd eifdif cuslitt uaNtaizoin .
BritFariann,ac nedo thceoru ntirni eaastn t etmop ttd reosSyo viet
power Eouvreorhp aebd e edne tsroybeudwt h asth ourledp liatc?e
communibsyfm or ce. iTnhveaydt ehSdeo viUenti oinns upport
Inm anyc ounttrhieewrsae sn op ropgeorv ernmDeencti.s hiaodns
oft hWeh itReus siawnhsow ere enignaac g ievdwi alrw itthh e
to mbaed aeb otuhtfe ut uroeft hecsoeu ntIrnieevsbi.l,t Ay american
Bolsherveivkoo lnuatriiTehsius.s oeff o rcfeai lbeudtt h e
andS ovileeta dhearvdse rdyif efrevnite wosnt hbee stty poef
hostirleimtayi ned.
governmfoertn htce o untorfti hees nEeuwr oSpheo.r btelofyr hei s
dea,tH hitlperre ditchtseet da orftt h Ceo lWda r.
Afttehrce o llaopfts hGeee rmaRne icahn,du nttihle irase
riisnen ationianlA issiAmafr ,i coarL atAimne ritchae,wr iel l
only bpeo wtewironts h weo rlTdh:eU nitSetda tes and
SoviReuts sTihar.o utghhle a wosfh istaonrdgy e ographical
posittihoegnsi ea natrdsee stitnose tdr ugwgilteeha ch
otheeirt thherro ugho rtw harro,ur gihv ailner cyo nomics
and poliidtesia.c'a l
HitlPeorl'isTt eisctaalmA pern1it49l,5
Explaiyno uoirwn nw ordtshd ei fefrenbceet ween
AmeriacnandS oviiedte as.
> Whyd itdh dee strl!olfGc etriomanmn ayk aec onflict
likbeeltyw etehnUeS Aa ndt hUeS SR?
5
• I NVESTIAGTION
1945t:h eb raekdowno f
thew aritmea llanice
Thev ictoovreyHr i tlcerre anteewd worforrti hewesi nn.eT rhsehya dd ifferent
viewasst o ftuthuer oef Euraotfpeer wtahrBe.e ofrteh een odf 1 495 deep
diviswieorneems e rgbientgw eenl etahdoeeft r hsUe S Aa ndt he SoUvniieo.tn
Whyd idt hew artiamlel iafnacleal p aritn1 945?
Yalatnatd h ea grumenotv eProa lnd Whyw asP oalntdh cee ntorfae t tneitoant Y alta?
InF ebru1a49r5y tlheea doefrBsr ittahUeiS nA, atnhdSe o viet Polawnadst hlea rgceosutn tirnEy a stern IEtupsro ospte-.w ar
Uniomne ta tap lace Ycaall.tTl aheetd h rleeea dweerrsCe h urchilsle,t tlewmaesln itk teols yea tp attfeorrt nh ree sotf Eaesrtn
RoosevaenldSt t alTihnee. n dof t hwea rw as siing htt haenyd metE urobpuett h wea rtiamlel hiaeds disasgtrreoenadgb loyut th at
tod ecidteh seoh na poeft hpeo st-wwoarrlM du.c h tohfet iirm e settlebmeefnoYtra el .t a
wass pednits custshifeunt ugr oef PolaTnhded.yi gsraeaebdo ut
Twod ifefregnrto uwpasn tteofdo r mt hnee wg overnmfoern t
howP olasnhdo ublegd o verned.
PolaEnadc.h ghraodauv pe rdyif efrernetl atiownitsShht iap:l in
---
ThLeo ndPoonl es
YALTA:T HE ATTITUDESO F THE LEADERS
Whent he bwraorko eu ts,o me memobfte hrPeso ligsohv ernment
Rooesvlewta sa rleadyv eyri l-ltwom onthlsa theer
fledt oL ondon seauntpd a ' govertn-mienin-l.eTe xh'ewye re
woudl bed eadR.oo sveelwta sk eent htad emcoarcy
stronagnltyi -SMouvcihoe ftP.o lhaandd biente hnRe u ssian
shodu blei tnorduceidtn oE asteErunr opHeow.e vre,h e
Empibreeof r1e9 1.T 7heL ondPoonl weesr e Catahnodml ainyc s
trustSetldai ann dw antetdom akes uert hatth Ue SA and
werlea ndowntehrehsya: t beodt thh ied eoafc ommuniasnmd
the USrSemRan iedo ng ood tearftmestr h wea .r
Stalbienc auhsehe a dca rvueptd h ecioru nttrhyr ough the
Chucrhiwlalsv eryc oncerneadb otut hfeut uer oPfol and
Geramn-SovPiaecittn1 399I.n1 493t hewye rheo rireitdfol earn
andE asteEruonrp e.H e dniotdt ruSsttla iHne.w antetdo
stpoS tlaifnr oimm posicnomgm unsimo nt htee rrirtyo thatthS eo viaertmh ya dex ecuatbeodu1 t,5 000P oliosfihfc ers
takebnyt hRee dA rm.yB riatihna dg onet ow ari n1 93t9o anbdu ritehdeb iord iaetasp lace called kKnaettwyh na.t Stalin
helPpo laannddC hucrhidlilnd o wta ntto a bandon itfh Leo ndon fPoromleeadsP oligsohv ernmiewtno tu,lb de
PolatnoSd o vitec onrtol.
hosttiol eUt hSSeR .
Stlaiwna so bsessweidt h stehceru iotfyt heU SSRH.e
ThLeu blPionl es
I
wantetdh Seo viUenti otnor etiant hPeo litserhr irtyho e
InJ ul1y49 4t hUeS SRs eutp i tosw nf uturgeo vernmfoerPn otl and.
hadt akeinn1 93a9s p atr tofh Ne az-iSoviPeatc Hte.a slo
Thifisr smte ta t ttohweon fL ublainntd,h ey becamaes tk hneo wn
wantetdom akes uert htat he ngeowvr enmenotf P oalnd
woudl bef reindytl owradtsh Seo vieUtno in. LublPionl eTsh.e y wmeorsetc loym muniasntSdst alfelittnh at
thecyo ubledt rusted.
6
TheW arsUawp rinigs
>>Activity
TheL ondPoonl deesc itdheadtt h eirc hoannlocyffe r sutrating
Stalwians toc osnetiorzfpoe al r otfP olabnedof rteh Ree dA rmy
1 Explianiy nou orw nw ordsd tifehfree anttt itudes
didI.nA ugu1s4t94 P olirsehs istfgiahntceelr osy,ta otl h Leo ndon
oft hlee adwehroms e ta tYa lttao warPdosl a.n d
Poles, atthtGeae crkmeafdonr ceosc cupyWianrgs atwh,ce a piotfa l
2 Who twheLerue b lPionl aensdt hLeo ndPoonl es?
PolaTnhdeS. o viaertmw ya sn earbbuydt i ndo thitnohg e ltph e
PoleSst.a ldiinndo wta nt tthode emef atth Gee rmaHnesw .a nted 3 Whawta st hWea rsaUwp rising?
thLeu blPionl teots a koev earf ttehrwe a rT.h eB ritainsdthh e 4W hyd oy out hitnhka Stt alrieunfs etdoh eltph e
Americwaenrsae p palblyte hdSe o viaettt itWuidteh.oS uotv iet Warsaw rebels?
heltph,Re i siwnagsr uthlessmsalsyhb eytd h Gee rmaannsd
near3l0y00 0,P0o lweesr kei llTehdeG. e rmasnesnt ths eu rviving
peopolfeWa rsatwoc oncentcraamtpiason ndw hetnh Ree dA rmy
fnialtloyo tkh e icwtia tscy ompledteesleyr Ttheed .RA erdm yw ent
ont ot akceo ntorfto hlwe h oloef PolaBnyJd a.n ua1r49y5t he
USSRa nnountcheaPdto lahnadbd e elni beraantdte hdLe u blin
group waisnc hnaorwog fPeo land.
SOURCA E
Germatnr ooppasrt olt he devassttarteeetds
ofW arsawa ftetrh ae brotiuvper ising.
> Whyd idS talfiaintl o h epl theWa rsawR isi?n g
7
• WHY DIDT HEW ARTIMAEL LIANFCEA LALP ARTI N
1945?
Theme etinagtY atla SOURCCE
Thet hrleeea dhearmdse bte ofr-eatt hTeeh rasnu mmiint late
1493.T hem eetinYga laittnat ,hS eo viUenti otno,op kl aeb cetween
4a nd1 F1e bru1a49r5yS. t alhianrd e ufsetdo ltehaUevS eS Rs ot he
twoW estelrena dheartdso g ot oh imT.h et hrmeeenw erpel eased
att hwea yt he wwaasrg oinPgr.e sident tRaolokseevde albto ut the
frienyd,'la fmilayt'm ospohfet rhmeee etibnubgte neath the
suarcf,es eridoiussa greeemxeinsttse d.
Thed iscusastYi aolnwtsea r e vweirdye -rabnugttih nfegut uroef
Poladnodm inaTtheetd h.r leeea dhearpdsr evioaugsrletyeh da t the
SoviUenti owno uld ltaanfrkdoe m P olaannddP olawnodu lidn,
turbneg, i vGeenr malna nAdtY. a ltthae ayr guaebdo tuhtde e tails
andC hurcthriiltelold i mtihtce h angHees .w waosr ried about
takitnogmo u ch lfaornmGd e rmaannyds aidd:on o'wtIa ntto
stfut fhPeo ligsoho se iudtni teoisfl Gerimnadni gesTthieorne' .
wase vegnr eater disaabgorwuehteo sm heonutgl odv ePronl and.
EventluyTa,rul maann dC hurcthhiolulgt hhtat th ehya wdo na
majorc oncesfsorimSo tna :lt ihnSeo vileeta daegrr eedt hteh at
Lublgionv ernmsehnotub leed x pantdoei dn clsuodmeoe ft he
LondPoonl esh eaa ncdc epttheafdert e e lectsihoonubsle hd e lads
sooansp osbsliienP olaWnhde.n ashkoewsd o otnh eeslee ctionCsh urchRiolols,ee lvatn dS talaitYn al taFe,b rua1ry9 45.
Theidri scusscieotnnrseo dn t hfeu turoefP oland.
coubledh elSdt,a lreipnl 'iIestdh :o ublepd o ssiwbilteha im no nt.h'
SOURCDE
>>Activity
TheY altAag eremeinntc lusdpeedfc ciip alnfso r the
futuroefP oland.
Looaktt hSeo urcBeasn dD .S ummariinys oeu r
ownw ordtsh dee taoiftl hsYe a ltAag reemoenn t A news ituahtaisbo ene cnr eatienPd ol anadsa sreutlo fh er
Polaanndd EasEtuereorpn. compeltle ibaetirobny t hRee dA rm.yT hicsa slf lort he
esatbilshmeonfat P oligsohvr enmewnhti hcc anb em oer
broaldyb asetdh awna sp osbslibee ofret hree cnetl ibaetorin
SOURCBE oft hWee sternp atro fP oalndT.h eP rosviionGaovle rnmte n
shodut lheerfroeb er e-organiseond mao erd emcoartibca sis
TheY altAag erememnatd et hfeol lwoinsgat etmenatb out
witthh iecn lusoifod ne mocartilcae desrf roPmo lanidst efl
thfeut uroefE asteErnu roep.T hibse acme knnoa wst he
andfr mo Poleasbo radT.h iPso ligsohvr enment bseh all
DeclaratoinLo inb eeradtE uorpe:
peldegdt ot hheo ldiofnf gr eeeel ctioansss ooans p ossei.b l
Thet hereg ovrenmenst[ UAS,U SS,RB ritianw]i lals sitshte
.' Int hseee elctioanlsdl e mocartiacn da nit-zNiap atrises hall
peopilnae n yE uorpealni baetresdt attoef ormitnerim
havet hrei gthott a kpea tra ndt op uftor wardc anddaties.
govrenemntsb roaldyr epreseanttiovfea ll dcermaotic
elemtesin nt hpeo pautiloann dp leeddgt ot heea lreist
possiebe lstablsihmentth rohuf greeeel cotniso f
govrenmetnsr esposnvie to tlohlfe twphieepo le.
8
1945t:h eb reakdowno ft hew artimael liance
SOURCEE
,.____ -
THE TERMS OF THE YALTAA GREEMENT
Thefn iaAlg eremenitnu cdleadD eclaatorino nL biearte d
EuorpeT.h isst attehdta e aclhie bratecdo nutyrw oudl be
gviena ne megrencyg ovrenmentw itrhep reseanttivferso m
anyi mptoarnnto nf-asctig sroupsa ndt htaf reeeel citon s
woudl beh edla ss ooans p ossitbosl eeut p a d emocart ic
goevrnment .
Theb odresro fP olanwde ert ob ea tleresdot htat hUeS S R
gaineadh uega mounotft errirtyfo rmo easteProlna dn. In
retunr Polanwda sp roimselda ntda kefnrm o theea st ern
patro fG ermnay .
The bLluignoev rnmenti nP olnadw ast ob ee xpnadeds o
thtai atsl oi cnludseodm eo ft hLeo ndoPno leFsr.e e
eelctiownosu dl beh edl inP olnada ss ooans psoisble.
TheB ritiasnhdt hAem ericahnesl mda nyp risoensro fw ar
froSmo vietter rirtyTo.h eswee erm enf rmo Gemran
occuipelda nwdhso h adc hosoernb eefnor cetdoj oint he
Germaanrm y.A tY alitwtaa sa gretehdta t hyew oudl bes en t
bactkot hUeS SRA.b outto, ooooft hesmee nw eere xecute d
ont herierut rann dm any meow reeri mprisnoed.
Thel eadsea rgreedt haGte mransyh uodl bed viideidtn o
occuepdi zonCehsuc.rh ialgrlu etdh tat hees rhodu blea
Fernczho neas,w elalsa B ritiAsmhe,r icaanndS ovizeotn e.
Thiwsa sb ecuaseC hucrhiwlalsk eent or esrteot hpeo wer of
Oneo ft hea chieemvensot ft heYa ltcao neferncwea st he
FarncSet.la in Raonodes vleatc cpetetdh sis uggetsino .
decistiooe ns tabltihseUh n itNeadt ions.
The USaSgRr eteod hientl hpe waagarni stJ apanI.nr e tunr
thUeS SgRa iendc onotlor fi slatnerdr irtioensot rho fJ apan .
Thisn tedu orutto b ea v eyrg oodd eaflor t hUeS SRbe cau se
>>Activity
Sovitet roodpisnd o hta ve dtoov eyr mucfhgi htnigb eofre
thJepa ansees urernd.e r
TheY altCaon ferenccoev ermeadny i mpor tant
Thel eadsae grreteodt hsee ttinugp tohfUe n tiedN atio ns.
topiacnsdt htea bolnet hipsa ggei vaes su mmaorfy
Stlaisnu ccessflulayrg uetdh tae accho utnyrs huodl havea
thaer eoafsa greemUesnitn.g ttahbaeln edy our
vetoon t hdee cisiooft nhspe o wrefluS ecruiyCt ounc il.
knowleodfg etb haec kgromuankdael itos fw hat
- -
Stalgiani nfeordm t hYea lta eCroennfce.
9
