Table Of ContentSubsurface Contamination
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In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
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In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 904
Subsurface Contamination
Remediation
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04.f Accomplishments of the
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Sponsored by the
ACS Divisions of Environmental Chemistry, Inc.,
Geochemistry, Inc., and Analytical Chemistry
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Subsurface contamination remediation : accomplishments of the Environmental
Management Science Program / Edgar Berkey, editor, Tiffany Zachry, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 904)
Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Divisions of Environmental
Chemistry, Inc., Geochemistry, Inc., and Analytical Chemistry at the 225th National
Meeting of the American Chemical Society in New Orleans, Louisiana, Mar. 23-27,
2003.
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w Includes bibliographical references and index.
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90 ISBN 0-8412-3906-1 (alk. paper)
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05- 1. Hazardous waste site remediation—United States—Congresses. 2. Radioactive
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2 waste sites—Cleanup—United States—Congresses. 3. United States. Dept. of
bk- Energy. Environmental Management Science Program—Congresses.
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1 I. Berkey, Edgar. II. Zachry, Tiffany. III. American Chemical Society. Division of
10. Environmental Chemistry, Inc. IV. American Chemical Society. Division of
g oi: Geochemistry, Inc. V. American Chemical Society. Division of Analytical
s.acs.or2005 | d COhrleemanisst,r Ly.a V.) IV. IAIm. Seerricieasn. Chemical Society. Meeting (225th : 2003 : New
pub19, TD1040.S84 2005
http://April 628.5—dc22 2004063105
12 | ate: The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was firstp ublished in 1974 to pro
vide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
purpose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books devel
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10 interest to the audience. Some papers may be excluded to better focus
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In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
Preface
Research on remediation of subsurface contamination is helping to
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4. radioactive contaminants in soil and groundwater. In the United States,
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0 significant research in this area has been sponsored by the U.S. Depart
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0 ment of Energy (DOE) Environmental Management Science Pro
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bk- gram (EMSP). Since 1989, the DOE has been responsible for managing
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2 the environmental cleanup of sites and facilities involved in the nation's
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0. program for development and production of nuclear weapons. In sup
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p1 Following a successful symposium in 1999 that focused on the first
http://April accomplishments of the EMSP, which was sponsored by the American
12 | ate: Chemical Society (ACS) Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Tech
2, 20on D nology, a second ACS symposium was organized to highlight EMSP
mber blicati raecmhieedvieamtieonnt.s Thsipse scyifmicpaolslyiu min wtahse healrde aM aorfc hs u2b6s-u2r7fa, c2e0 03co, natta tmhein 2at2io5nth
epte Pu ACS National Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, with primary
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sponsorship by the division of Environmental Chemistry. Based on the
leading-edge research presented by the 20 invited speakers, this sym
posium proceedings volume was proposed and approved by the ACS.
The chapters in this book provide a cross-section of some of the
most significant projects in the subsurface science component of the
EMSP. They are organized into three sections that focus on the core
problems of remediation: characterization, modeling of fate and trans
port, and monitoring.
We appreciate the opportunity to participate in this book project, made
possible by the EMSP. Funding from the EMSP supported the research
xi
In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
projects presented in this book as well as the administrative effort to
organize the symposium a nd t he e ditorial w ork r equired top repare t his
proceedings volume. We also thank the EMSP principal investigators
and their colleagues, who diligently worked to provide clear, concise,
and thorough explanations of their work for this publication; in so
doing, these authors have made this book a successful representation
of their scientific accomplishments, and thus, we hope, a useful resource
for the scientific community.
Edgar Berkey
1 Vice President, Research and Development, and Chief Quality Officer
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In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
Chapter 1
Subsurface Contamination Remediation:
Accomplishments of the Environmental Management
Science Program
Roland F. Hirsch
Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Office of Science,
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00 U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585
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k-2 The U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for the nation's
1/b nuclear weapons and for the complex of sites and facilities
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0 that developed and produced the weapons. In 1989 DOE
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10. established the Office of Environmental Management (EM) to
s.org 5 | doi: mCoanngagrees sa llm aasnpdeacttesd o f etshteab leinshvmiroennmt enotfa l thclee anEunpv.i roInnm 1e9n9ta6l,
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s.a20 Management Science Program (EMSP) to support scientific
ub9, research to address the longer-term needs of the EM cleanup
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er ati however, involve research relating to high-level radioactive
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challenges, because of the size of the problem and because of
some unique contaminants and environments. The EMSP is
responsible for basic research to help overcome these
challenges. The projects described in this volume are
addressing modeling, immobilization and extraction of
contaminants, characterization, and monitoring. Thus, they
represent a good cross section of the EMSP program in
subsurface science. The progress reported in each chapter
gives confidence that scientific research will contribute to the
solution of many of the major problems facing the DOE
cleanup program.
2 U.S. government work. Published 2005 American Chemical Society
In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
3
Overview
Research and development of nuclear weapons in the United States began
around sixty-five years ago and was followed in the early 1940s by development
of large-scale facilities for production of these weapons. The wastes generated
in the research and production activities generally were disposed of according to
the best practices of the time, although the pressures of wartime (during World
War II as well as the Cold War that followed) did not always allow adequate
time for determination of optimal disposal procedures.
These wastes contained a great variety of components, including, for
example, radionuclides of the actinide elements and the fission products, heavy
metals such as mercury, and organic compounds used in the processing of
materials used in the weapons. Much of the highly radioactive wastes was
stored in underground tanks, which have in many cases developed leaks as they
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05- wastes were placed in containers such as metal barrels that were buried in
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1/b releasing contaminants into the subsurface. Significant amounts of
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s.org 5 | doi: ComTmhiess Uio.nS . (tDhreopuagrthm ethnet oEfn Eerngeyrg Ry e(sDeaOrcEh) iannhde rDiteedve flroopmm ethnet AAtdommiinci sEtrnaetriogny)
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s.a20 the responsibility for the nation's nuclear weapons and for the complex of sites
ub9, and facilities that developed and produced the weapons. In 1989 DOE
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12 | ate: prevention of further contamination. In 1996, Congress mandated establishment
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er ati scientific research to address the longer-term needs of the EM cleanup program.
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Energy Research (now the Office of Science, SC), in which SC's expertise in
managing basic research programs in many relevant areas of science was allied
with EM's knowledge of the cleanup problems. The budget for the EMSP was
in the EM Office of Science and Technology from 1996 until 2003, when it was
transferred to the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in SC.
In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
4
From the outset, the projects supported by the EMSP have been in a wide
range of scientific disciplines and have carried out research relating to many of
the components of the cleanup program The majority of the projects, however,
involve research relating to high-level radioactive waste or to subsurface
contamination. In Fiscal Year 2005, about 40 projects address the former area
and 60 the latter, with another 10 projects in the other EM areas.
Program notices inviting research proposals for the EMSP have stressed
collaboration among investigators across disciplinary lines and at different
institutions. Thus, while the lead institution for 65 of the current projects is a
DOE National Laboratory and for 40 of them a university (the rest are at
companies, research institutes, or other Federal agency laboratories), many of
the projects, in fact, are joint efforts among two or more institutions.
1
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S thousands of years (notably isotopes of technetium, neptunium, and plutonium)
and must be immobilized to ensure that they do not migrate into the water
supply. The same is true for some of the heavy metals, such as mercury, and the
halogenated organic compounds such as trichloroethylene. The latter is quite
stable under the typical underground conditions. The quantities that are known
to be underground are sufficient to contaminate billions of gallons of water at
levels considered unsafe in Federal drinking water standards.
In Subsurface Contamination Remediation; Berkey, E., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005.
