Table Of ContentPAPERS ON ISLAMIC HISTORY Volume 4
PAPERS ON ISLAMIC HISTORY
A. N. Nourani and S. M. Stern, eds.
The Islamic City. 1970.
D. S. Richards, ed.
Islam and the Trade of Asia. 1970.
D. S. Richards, ed.
Islamic Civilisation, 950-1150. 1973.
Thomas Naff and Roger Owen, eds.
Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History. 1977.
PAPERS ON ISLAMIC HISTORY
t
Studies in
^ -------------------------------------
Eighteenth Century
Islamic History
Edited by THOMAS NAFF and ROGER OWEN
Published under the auspices of
The Near Eastern History Group, Oxford
and
The Middle East Center, University of Pennsylvania
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS
Carbondale and Edwardsville
FEFFER & SIMONS, INC
London and Amsterdam
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Studies in eighteenth century Islamic history.
(Papers on Islamic history; 4)
Papers presented at a colloquium held in 1971 at the
University of Pennsylvania, sponsored by the Near Eastern
History Group, Oxford, and the Middle East Center, Univer
sity of Pennsylvania.
English or French.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Near East— History— 1517- — Congresses.
2. Near East— Economic conditions— Congresses.
I. Naff, Thomas. II. Owen, Edward Roger John.
III. Near Eastern History Group. IV. Pennsylvania.
University. Middle East Center. V. Series.
DS62.4.S76 956'.01 77-22012
ISBN 8093-0819-3
Copyright © 1977 by Southern Illinois University Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Notes on Transliteration ix
Abbreviations xi
I: The Central Administration, the Provinces,
and External Relations
Introduction
Thomas Naff 3
1 Men and Ideas in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman
Empire
Norman Itzkowitz 15
2 Centralization and Decentralization in Ottoman
Administration
Halil Inalcik 27
3 Changes in the Relationship between the Ottoman
Central Administration and the Syrian Provinces
from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries
Abdul-Karim Rafeq 53
4 The Forgotten Frontiers The Ottoman North Afri
can Provinces during the Eighteenth Century
Andrew C. Hess 74
5 Ottoman Diplomatic Relations with Europe in the
Eighteenth Century: Patterns and Trends
Thomas Naff 88
6 The Tribal Resurgence and the Decline of the
Bureaucracy in Eighteenth Century Persia
A. K. S. Lambton 108
II: Resources, Population, and Wealth
Introduction
Roger Owen 133
vi Contents
7 Population and Resources in the Ottoman Empire
and Iran
Charles Issawi 152
8 Problèmes du régime ottoman dans les Balkans du
seizième au dix-huitième siècle (with précis in
English)
B. Cvetkova 165
9 Les Sources de la richesse urbaine au Caire au
dix-huitième siècle (with précis in English)
André Raymond 184
10 The Wealth of the Ulama in late Eighteenth
Century Cairo
Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot 205
11 Transformation du commerce dans l'Empire
ottoman au dix-huitième siècle (with précis
in English)
Robert Mantran 217
12 Desert and Sown: A New Look at an Old Relation
ship
Brian Spooner 236
III: Aspects of Islamic Culture
Introduction
Albert Hourani 253
13 The Altered Nature and Role of the Ulema
R. C. Repp 277
14 Shicism and Iran in the Eighteenth Century
Hamid Algar 288
15 Eighteenth Century Ottoman Architecture
Aptullah ¡Curan 303
16 From the Tulip to the Rose
John Carswell 328
Notes 359
Glossary 406
Bibliography of Works Cited 422
Index 443
PREFACE
This is the fourth volume in the series Papers on Is
lamic History» the result of a succession of interna
tional research colloquiums held biennially since the
summer of 1965, when the first was organized by the Ox
ford "Near Eastern History Group," an informal associa
tion of scholars concerned with Islamic history. By
the time the second colloquium was held at All Souls
College in the summer of 1967, the Middle East Center
of the University of Pennsylvania had joined the Oxford
group in its organization and sponsorship. The partner
ship has continued: the third colloquium was held in
1969 at All Souls and the fourth, from which the pre
sent work emerged, was held at the University of Penn
sylvania in 1971. As with this volume, the titles of
the published works reflect the subject of each collo
quium: The Islamic City, Islam and the Trade of Asia,
and Islamic Civilization 950-1150. The fifth colloquium
was held at Oxford in July, 1975and concerned itself
with the formative period of Islamic history, A.D. 650-
800.
The colloquiums try to achieve these purposes: to
focus the interest of scholars on areas of Islamic his
tory and civilization which are considered to have been
neglected or to be in need of fresh study and interpre
tation; to encourage and promote the work of younger
scholars in various branches of Middle Eastern studies
by enabling them to associate closely with more experi
enced colleagues in the same and collateral fields; and
to publish the papers of the colloquiums. It is a basic
policy that scholars from both the Middle East and the
Western world participate jointly in the endeavor to
achieve these aims.
This colloquium on the eighteenth century was made
possible by financial contributions from several bene
factors: the Division of International Education of the
United States Office of Education, the American Council
of Learned Societies, and the Anspach Institute of Di
plomacy and Foreign Affairs of the University of Penn
sylvania were all most generous. The organizers and
participants express their warm gratitude to these
sponsors. To the students, faculty and secretaries of
vi i i Preface
the Pennsylvania Middle East program whose efforts in
sured the success of the colloquium, special thanks are
given.
July, 1976 T.N., R.O.
notes on transliteration
The system of transliterating Arabic, Turkish and Per
sian words in this volume has been governed by a simple
proposition: the expert will understand and the general
reader will not care. That is, the former will recog
nize the terms or, if necessary, know how to find the
originals under their variants, and the latter will
feel no compulsion to do so. Consequently, we have em
ployed as simplified a system of transliteration as we
deemed consistent with the needs of the reader. Only
the following diacritical marks are used: the Arabic
Cayn (C) and hamza ('), the Turkish undotted 1 , and Ö,
0, £, and £. The 1 resembles in sound the EngTish e Tn
butter, and the Ö and Ü can be pronounced as they are
in German or French, the £ as ch in church, the s as
sh in show, and the modern TurlcTsh c as ¿ in John.
Because these papers have been written by authors
accustomed to applying transliteration systems most
suitable to their native languages, it has been our
policy to allow the employment of the particular sys
tem appropriate to the article, but only within the
bounds of the above-stated rules. For example, the
word "judge" will be found rendered in the following
ways: kadi, kazi, qadi and qazi. Each is allowed to re
main in context but in simplified form without the full
diacritical apparatus. At all events, virtually all
foreign terms are briefly defined or translated
within parentheses immediately after the first appear
ance of the word in each chapter and these are repeated
after the variant spellings. In addition, a complete
glossary of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian terms is pro
vided at the end of the book.
