Structural Foundations Manual for Low-Rise Buildings

448 Pages·2004·8.78 MB·English

by  Michael F. Atkinson

Structural Foundations Manual for Low-Rise
Buildings
Second Edition
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Structural Foundations Manual
for Low-Rise Buildings
Second Edition
M.F.Atkinson

CEng, FIStructE, MICE, HND Arb

LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2004 by Spon Press
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Spon Press
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
"To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or
Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to
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© 2003 M.F.Atkinson
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Atkinson, M.F.
Structural foundations manual for low-rise buildings/M.F.Atkinson—
2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-26643-2 (alk. paper)
1. Foundations. 2. Structural engineering. I. Title
TH2101.A88 2003
624.1′5–dc21 2003053943
ISBN 0-203-30199-4 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-34179-1 (Adobe e-Reader Format)
ISBN 0-415-26643-2 (Print Edition)
Contents

Preface vii
Examples viii

1 Site investigations 1
2 Foundation design 33
3 Foundations in cohesive soils 115
4 Foundations in sands and gravels 140
5 Building in mining localities 169
6 Sites with trees 200
7 Developing on sloping sites 239
8 Building on filled ground 308
9 Ground improvement 326
10 Building up to existing buildings 358
11 Contaminated land 394

Index 431
Preface
All structures resting on the earth must be carried by a foundation. The foundations are
therefore the most important part of the structure as they are the element which transfers
the superstructure loads into the soil mass. Foundation engineering is not an exact
science, and engineers involved in foundation design have to use their training,
experience and engineering judgement in formulating economic foundation solutions.
The design of foundations for low-rise buildings is just as important as that required
for larger buildings, the only difference being one of scale. The correct engineering
solution must be economic and practical if the builders are to maintain profit margins.
This book is about providing suitable foundations for low-rise buildings where ground
conditions are classed as hazardous. It deals primarily with housing construction, but
much of the information is relevant to the design and construction of other categories of
building. It has been written for those professionals involved in building design and is
intended to be a source of guidance for builders, architects, engineers, building inspectors
and site agents for dealing with foundation problems in which they themselves are not
specialists.
The book includes state-of-practice methods together with a mixture of ‘how to’ with
worked examples and case histories covering a broad range of foundation problems. Its
special feature is the interfacing of foundation designs and their ‘buildability’. The
realistic examples included are drawn from the author’s extensive experience in civil and
structural engineering in dealing with hazardous and marginal ground conditions.
I am indebted to Mr G.Studds for his assistance in carrying out the revisions to Chapter
11 on contaminated land.
In preparing this book I am particularly indebted to my colleague Mr J.Hine for his
help in checking the calculations. I am also grateful to the following for permission to
reproduce diagrams and other material from their publications: the National House-
Building Council (NHBC) and the Construction Industry Research and Information
Association (CIRIA). Extracts from British Standards and Codes of Practice are
reproduced by permission of the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London Wl,
from whom copies of the complete Standards and Codes of Practice can be obtained.
Examples

2.1 Semi-rigid raft design 50
2.2 Structural calculations for three-storey flats 61
2.3 Disused well 71
2.4 Bored piles 79
2.5 Detached house: pile and ground beam design 87
3.1 Strip footing on clay soil 124
3.2 Settlements on clay soil 129
3.3 Triaxial test 137
4.1 Strip footing on granular soil 152
4.2 Pad foundation on sand 153
4.3 Strip footing on sand, high water table 154
4.4 Bearing pressure of granular soil 155
4.5 Bored piles 160
4.6 Working load of precast concrete piles 163
4.7 Steel piles 166
4.8 Driving precast concrete piles 166
5.1 Calculating the reinforcement in a mining raft 185
5.2 Designing the reinforcement in an irregular shaped dwelling 191
5.3 Reinforcement mesh 195
5.4 Calculating movement joint sizes 196
6.1 Foundations on clay soil with young poplar trees 206
6.2 Strip foundations on clay soil with mature and semi-mature trees 223
6.3 Foundations on a site with mature trees, subject to settlement 226
6.4 Site investigation and foundation design, heavily wooded site 227
6.5 Foundation design on a site with mature trees, subject to heave 234
7.1 Thrust on a retaining wall 262
7.2 Pressures and bending moments on a retaining wall 263
7.3 Thickness of retaining wall 266
7.4 Pocket-type retaining wall 272
7.5 Reinforced cavity retaining wall 275
7.6 Concrete filled cavity retaining wall 279
7.7 Brick retaining wall 284
7.8 Reinforced concrete retaining wall to BS 8002 289
8.1 Suspended floor slab over filled ground 316
9.1 Design of stone columns 339
9.2 Improving mixed clay fills 341
9.3 Partial depth treatment of filled ground 343
9.4 Dynamic consolidation 351
10.1 Foundations beside existing building 359