Stretching the Qing Bureaucracy in the 1826 Sea-Transport Experiment

206 Pages·2018·3.405 MB·English

by  Jane Kate Leonard

Stretching the Qing Bureaucracy in the 1826 Sea-Transport Experiment
Monies, Markets, and Finance
in East Asia, 1600–1900
Edited by
Hans Ulrich Vogel
volume 12
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mmf
Stretching the Qing Bureaucracy
in the 1826
Sea-Transport Experiment
By
Jane Kate Leonard
LEIDEN | BOSTON
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Map Maker,
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⸪

Contents
Acknowledgments ix
List of Illustrations x
Sea Transport Chronology xi
Introduction: The Challenge of Innovation. The 1826 Sea-Transport
Experiment 1
1 The 1825 Grand Canal Crisis 1
2 Tricks of the Trade 12
1 Linqing and Grand Canal Conditions in Northern Jiangsu 19
1 Junction Conservancy Work, 1737–1765 26
2 Protecting the Junction, 1770–1784 28
3 Last Ditch Efforts to Shield the Junction, 1796–1826 31
4 Qishan and the Pound Lock, 1827 34
5 Conclusions 38
2 Imagination at the Center: The Daoguang Emperor and Yinghe 39
1 The Daoguang Emperor Launches the Sea-Transport Initiative 39
2 Yinghe (1771–1839): Principal Architect of the Sea-Transport Plan 43
3 Yinghe’s First Memorial on the Comprehensive Grain-Transport
Plan 48
4 The Significance of Yinghe’s First Memorial 61
3 The Deepening Crisis and Yinghe’s Second Memorial 62
1 The Emperor’s Response 62
2 The Deepening Crisis at the Junction 63
3 Intensification of Imperial Crisis Management and Yinghe’s Second
Memorial 65
4 The Challenge of Commutation 70
5 Conclusions 72
4 Qishan and Disaster Assessment in Jiangsu 73
1 Qishan’s Mission 73
2 Investigation in the Sixth Month (5.6.1–5.6.22) 77
3 Qishan’s Assessment of the “General Situation” 81
4 Qishan’s Approach to Sea Transport 83
5 Conclusions 92
viii Contents
5 Stretching the Bureaucracy for Sea Transport 94
1 Administrative Obstacles to the Sea-Transport Experiment 94
2 Obstacles to Recruitment 95
3 Qishan and the ad hoc Planning Cadre 100
4 Tao Zhu’s Special Mission to Shanghai 102
5 Xiong Yutai’s Advice on Recruitment 104
6 Conclusions 109
6 Sea-Transport Regulations and Coastal Defense 111
1 Sea-Transport Regulations 111
2 Coastal Defense 120
3 Redrawing the Northeast Coastal Map 125
4 The Route 127
5 Conclusions 130
7 Nayancheng and Regulations for Zhili 131
1 Governor-General Nayancheng 131
2 Yinghe and the First Board of Revenue Memorial 134
3 Nayancheng and Zhili Grain-Management Realities 141
4 Lighterage 142
5 Storage Logistics 145
6 The Performance of Low-Level Grain-Handing Tasks in Zhili 148
7 Calculating the Costs Down to the Last 1/100,000th of a Tael 150
8 Conclusions 153
8 Bai Chun and Low-Level Grain Transfers and Storage in Zhili 155
1 The Role of Sub- and Extra-Bureaucratic Granary Personnel 155
2 Grain Brokerage 156
3 Brokers and the Inspection of Steamy Rice (zhengzhao) 159
4 The Broker’s Role in Grain Transfers 160
5 The Broker’s Role in Escorting Lighterage Fleets 161
6 Cart Haulage from Tongzhou to the Beijing Granaries 164
7 Essential Equipment for Grain Transfers 166
8 Terms, Conditions, and Pay for Lighterage Boatmen 169
9 Loose Ends 170
10 Conclusions 171
Conclusions 172
Glossary 175
References 177
Index 185
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the teachers and colleagues who
have supported and encouraged my scholarly work over the years: Professor
Knight Biggerstaff (Cornell University), Wang Gungwu (Australian National
University, Canberra), John S. Gregory (La Trobe University, Melbourne), Robert
Jones and Keith Bryant (Chairpersons, History Department, The University of
Akron), Huang Guosheng (Fujianshifandaxue, Fuzhou, Fujian Province). Of
great assistance in the present work on the Qing sea-transport project, were
Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel (Institute of Asian and Oriental Studies, University
of Tübingen), Prof. Dr. Barbara Mittler (Institute of Chinese Studies, Heidelberg
University), Dr. Nanny Kim (Institute of Chinese Studies, Heidelberg University),
and Robert P. Gardella (History Department, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy).
Jane Kate Leonard
June 18, 2018