Stratigraphic reservoir characterization for petroleum geologists, geophysicists, and engineers, Volume 6

493 Pages·2007·19.28 MB·English

by  Roger M. Slatt

STRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
FOR PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS,
GEOPHYSICISTS, AND ENGINEERS
HANDBOOKOFPETROLEUMEXPLORATIONANDPRODUCTION
6
SeriesEditor
JOHNCUBITT
Previousvolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 OperationalAspectsofOilandGasWellTesting
Volume2 StatisticsforPetroleumEngineersandGeoscientists
Volume3 WellTestAnalysis
Volume4 AGeneralizedApproachtoPrimaryHydrocarbonRecoveryof
PetroleumExplorationandProduction
Volume5 Deep-WaterProcessesandFaciesModels:Implicationsfor
SandstonePetroleumReservoirs
STRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
FOR PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS,
GEOPHYSICISTS, AND ENGINEERS
HANDBOOKOFPETROLEUMEXPLORATIONANDPRODUCTION
6
Roger M. SLATT
UniversityofOklahoma
Norman,Oklahoma73019
U.S.A.
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford
Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
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v
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Basicprinciplesandapplicationsofreservoircharacterization. . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Integratingexpertiseforreservoircharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Oilandgas:themainsourcesofglobalenergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Resourcesandreserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 Predictingtheremainingresource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.3 TheUSGeologicalSurveyassessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.4 Somesignificantcomparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.5 Energyconsumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Theaddedvalueofreservoircharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Compartmentalizationofoilandgasreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.1 Compartmentalization–Theexception,ortherule? . . . . . . 13
1.5.2 Thesignificanceofcompartmentalization. . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.3 Thenatureofcompartmentalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6 Depositionalenvironmentsandtypesofdeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1 Scalesandstylesofgeologicreservoirheterogeneity . . . . . 19
1.6.2 Hierarchicalscalesofgeologicheterogeneity(levels) . . . . . 20
1.7 Whenisreservoircharacterizationimportantinthelifecycleof
afield? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7.1 Thelifecycleofafield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7.2 Applyingreservoircharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8 Thevalueofcasestudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2. Toolsandtechniquesforcharacterizingoilandgasreservoirs . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.1 Staticanddynamicpropertiesofreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Measuringpropertiesatdifferentscales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Computersandthecomputingenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4 Seismic-reflectionandsubsurfaceimaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.1 Two-dimensional(2D)seismic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.2 Three-dimensional(3D)seismic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4.3 Four-dimensional(4D)seismic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.4 Otherseismicimagingtechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.5 Cross-wellseismicinvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
vi Stratigraphicreservoircharacterization
2.4.6 Multicomponentseismicinvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4.7 Somepitfallsinseismicanalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.5 Drillingandsamplingawell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5.1 Conventionallogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.5.2 Unconventionallogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.2.1 Borehole-imagelogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.2.2 Dipmeterlogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.5.2.3 Nuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)logs. . . . . . . 80
2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3. Basicsedimentaryrockproperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2 Classificationandpropertiesofsedimentsandsedimentaryrocks . . . 85
3.2.1 Siliciclasticsedimentsandsedimentaryrocks . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.1.1 Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.1.2 Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2.1.3 Porosityandpermeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.2.1.4 Significancetoreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2.2 Chemicalandbiogenicsedimentaryrocks . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3 Sedimentarystructuresandtheirsignificance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.1 Physicalsedimentarystructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.1.1 Structuresformedbycurrentsandwaves . . . . . . . 110
3.3.1.2 Structuresformedbysedimentloading . . . . . . . . 118
3.3.1.3 Erosionalsedimentarystructures . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.1.4 Sandstoneinjectites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.3.2 Biogenicsedimentarystructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.2.1 Bodyfossils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.2.2 Tracefossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.3 Chemicalsedimentarystructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4. Geologictimeandstratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.2 NorthAmericangeologictimescale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.3 Determiningthetimeframeinwhicharockformed . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.3.1 Radiometricagedating(“theclocksinrocks”) . . . . . . . . . 137
4.3.2 Relativeage-dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4 Micropaleontologyandbiostratigraphyinreservoircharacterization . 143
4.4.1 High-resolutionbiostratigraphiczonation(biozones) . . . . . 143
4.4.2 High-resolutionwelllogandseismiccorrelationfrom
biostratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.4.3 Determiningsedimentationratesfrombiostratigraphy . . . . . 149
4.4.4 Biostratigraphyandcondensedsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.4.5 Biostratigraphyanddepositionalenvironments . . . . . . . . . 152
4.5 Walther’slawandthesuccessionofsedimentaryfacies . . . . . . . . 154
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Contents vii
5. Geologiccontrolsonreservoirquality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.2 Examinationandmeasurementofporosityandpermeability . . . . . 159
5.2.1 Directobservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.2.2 Directmeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.3 Primarygrain-sizecontrolonreservoirquality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.4 Diagenesisandreservoirquality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.5 Low-unitcharacterizationforcorrelationandupscaling . . . . . . . . 177
5.5.1 Flowunitsthatcombinegeologicalandpetrophysical
properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.5.2 Gunteretal.’s(1997)methodofflow-unitcharacterization . . 180
5.5.3 Upscalingusingflowunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.6 Capillarypressureanditsapplicationstoreservoircharacterization . . 188
5.6.1 Principlesofcapillarypressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.6.2 Routinelaboratorymeasurementofcapillarypressure . . . . . 191
5.6.3 RelationshipofP topore-throatsizeandsizedistribution . . 191
c
5.6.4 Relationships among porosity, permeability, pore-throat size,
andP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
c
5.6.5 Relationsamongcapillarypressure,grain-sizedistribution,and
watersaturation(S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
w
5.6.6 Conversionofair–Hgcapillary-pressuremeasurementsto
reservoirconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.6.7 Freewaterlevelandfluidsaturationsinareservoir . . . . . . 196
5.6.8 Capillarityandsealcapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.6.9 Pore-throatsizeandcapillarypressurefromconventional
core-analysisdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.7 Seismicporositymeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6. Fluvialdepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.2 Braidedfluvial(river)depositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.2.1 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.2.2 Reservoirexamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.2.2.1 Murdochfield,NorthSea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.2.2.2 RhoudeelBaguelfield,Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.2.2.3 PrudhoeBayfield,Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.3 Meandering-riverdepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.3.1 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.3.2 Reservoirexamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.3.2.1 Rulisonfield,Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.3.2.2 Strattonfield,Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.4 Incised-valley-filldepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6.4.1 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6.4.2 Reservoirexamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.4.2.1 SoonerUnit,Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
viii Stratigraphicreservoircharacterization
6.4.2.2 Sorrentofield,Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.4.2.3 SouthwestStockholmfield,Kansas . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.5 Combinationfluvialreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7. Eolian(windblown)depositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.2 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.3 Reservoirexamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.3.1 LemanSandstonegasreservoirs,NorthSea . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.3.2 Roughgasfield,NorthSea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.3.3 Pickerillfield,NorthSea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.3.4 PainterReservoirfield,Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.3.5 TensleepSandstone,Wyoming,USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.3.5.1 Locationandoutcropcharacteristics . . . . . . . . . 263
7.3.5.2 Outcrop3Dgeologicmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.3.5.3 ApplicationtoTensleepsubsurfacereservoirs . . . . 269
7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8. Nondeltaic,shallowmarinedepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.2 Shallowmarineprocessesandenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.3 Shallowmarinedeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.3.1 Offshorebarsorsandridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.3.2 Shorefaceparasequencesandsuccessions. . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.3.3 Marine-dominated,incised-valley-filldeposits . . . . . . . . . 286
8.3.4 Significanceoftheoriginofdeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.4 Shallowmarinereservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.4.1 ThepuzzleofHartzogDrawfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.4.1.1 Hartzog Draw field as an offshore sand ridge (shelf
bar)(1984–1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
8.4.1.2 Hartzog Draw field as a lowstand shoreface deposit
(1993–1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.4.1.3 HartzogDrawfieldasatidalsand-bardeposit
associatedwithincisedvalleyfill(1997) . . . . . . . 291
8.4.2 TerrySandstone,DenverBasin,Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.5 Barrierislanddepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.5.1 Complexprocessesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.5.2 BellCreekandReclusefields,MontanaandWyoming,USA . 300
8.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9. Deltaicdepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2 General deltaic processes, environments (physiographic zones), and
types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.3 River-dominateddeltadepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Contents ix
9.3.1 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
9.3.2 Reservoirexample:PrudhoeBayfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
9.4 Wave-dominateddeltas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
9.4.1 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
9.4.2 Reservoirexample:Budarefield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
9.5 Tide-dominateddeltas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.5.1 Processesanddeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.5.2 Reservoirexample:Lagunillasfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
9.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
10. Deepwaterdepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
10.1.1 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
10.1.2 Globaldeepwaterresources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
10.2 Sedimentaryprocessesoperativeindeepwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
10.3 Depositionalmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
10.4 Architecturalelementsofdeepwaterdeposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
10.4.1 Sheetsandstonesandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
10.4.1.1 Augerfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
10.4.1.2 Mensafield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
10.4.1.3 RamPowellJsand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
10.4.1.4 LongBeachUnit,Wilmingtonfield . . . . . . . . . . 356
10.4.2 Canyonandchannel-fillsandstonesandreservoirs . . . . . . . 359
10.4.2.1 RamPowellNsand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
10.4.2.2 GardenBanks191field,northernGulfofMexico . . 365
10.4.2.3 Andrewfield,UKSector,NorthSea . . . . . . . . . 366
10.4.2.4 Girassolfield,offshoreAngola . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
10.4.3 Leveedepositsandreservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
10.4.3.1 RamPowellLsandreservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
10.4.3.2 TheM4.1sand,Tahoefield,northernGulfofMexico 375
10.4.3.3 Falconfield,northwesternGulfofMexico . . . . . . 376
10.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
11. Sequencestratigraphyforreservoircharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
11.2 Basicdefinitionsandconcepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
11.2.1 Definitions and concepts related to the ocean water column in
timeandspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
11.2.2 Definitions and concepts related to sediment accumulation
withinasequencestratigraphicframework . . . . . . . . . . . 384
11.2.3 Definitions and concepts related to temporal cyclicity of sea-
levelfluctuationsandsedimentaccumulation,withinachrono-
stratigraphicframework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
11.3 Developingasequencestratigraphicframework . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
11.3.1 Identifyingakeysurfaceasastartingpoint . . . . . . . . . . . 400
11.3.2 Identifyingandcorrelatingsystemstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . 403