Strategies for building resilience against climate and ecosystem changes in Sub-Saharan Africa

341 Pages·2018·9.62 MB·English

by  Gyasi

Science for Sustainable Societies
Osamu Saito
Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic
Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Edwin A. Gyasi Editors
Strategies for
Building Resilience
against Climate
and Ecosystem
Changes in Sub-
Saharan Africa
Science for Sustainable Societies
Series Editorial Board
Editor in Chief
Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Ph.D., Director and Project Professor, Integrated Research
System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The University of Tokyo Institutes for
Advanced Study (UTIAS), Chair of the Board of Directors, Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan
Series Adviser
Joanne M.  Kauffman, Ph.D., Co-editor in Chief, Handbook of Sustainable
Engineering, Springer, 2013
Scientific Advisory Committee
Sir Partha Dasgupta, Ph.D., Frank Ramsey Professor Emeritus of Economics,
University of Cambridge, UK; Volvo Environment Prize, 2002; Blue Planet Prize,
2015
Hiroshi Komiyama, Ph.D., Chairman, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Japan;
President Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Sander Van der Leeuw, Ph.D., Foundation Professor, School of Human Evolution
and Social Change and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, USA
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Dr. Eng., Member of Japan Academy; Chairman, The Japan
Prize Foundation; President Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Japan Prize
1997
Tan Sri Zakri Abdul Hamid, Ph.D., Science Adviser to the Prime Minister of
Malaysia, Malaysia; Founding Chair of the UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy
Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); Zayed International
Prize, 2014
Editorial Board
Jean-Louis Armand, Ph.D., Professor, Aix-Marseille Université, France
James Buizer, Professor, University of Arizona, USA
Anantha Duraiappah, Ph.D., Director, UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of
Education for Peace and Sustainable (MGIEP), India
Thomas Elmqvist, Ph.D., Professor, Stockholm Resilience Center and Stockholm
University, Sweden
Ken Fukushi, Ph.D., Professor, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Vincenzo Nazo, Ph.D., Professor, The Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Obijiofor Aginam, Ph.D., United Nations University-International Institute for
Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Malaysia
Osamu Saito, Ph.D., Academic Director and Academic Programme Officer, United
Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS),
Japan
Leena Srivastava, Ph.D., Executive Director, The Energy and Resources Institute, India
Jeffrey Steinfeld, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, USA
Scope of the Series
This series aims to provide timely coverage of results of research conducted in
accordance with the principles of sustainability science to address impediments to
achieving sustainable societies – that is, societies that are low carbon emitters, that live
in harmony with nature, and that promote the recycling and re-use of natural resources.
Books in the series also address innovative means of advancing sustainability science
itself in the development of both research and education models.
The overall goal of the series is to contribute to the development of sustainability
science and to its promotion at research institutions worldwide, with a view to further-
ing knowledge and overcoming the limitations of traditional discipline-based research
to address complex problems that afflict humanity and now seem intractable.
Books published in this series will be solicited from scholars working across
academic disciplines to address challenges to sustainable development in all areas
of human endeavors.
This is an official book series of the Integrated Research System for Sustainability
Science (IR3S) of the University of Tokyo.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11884
Osamu Saito • Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic
Kazuhiko Takeuchi • Edwin A. Gyasi
Editors
Strategies for Building
Resilience against Climate
and Ecosystem Changes in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Editors
Osamu Saito Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic
United Nations University Institute for the University for Development Studies
Advanced Study of Sustainability Tamale, Ghana
(UNU-IAS)
Tokyo, Japan Edwin A. Gyasi
Department of Geography and Resource
Kazuhiko Takeuchi Development
Integrated Research System for University of Ghana
Sustainability Science (IR3S) Legon, Accra, Ghana
The University of Tokyo Institutes
for Advanced Study (UTIAS)
Tokyo, Japan
Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES)
Kanagawa, Japan
ISSN 2197-7348 ISSN 2197-7356 (electronic)
Science for Sustainable Societies
ISBN 978-981-10-4794-7 ISBN 978-981-10-4796-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4796-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946859
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018
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Preface
This book is the product of over 5 years of collaborative and interdisciplinary
research work by scientists and researchers from Ghana and Japan, farmers in local
communities in the Tolon and Wa West Districts in the Northern and Upper West
Regions of Ghana, and policy agents under the Enhancing Resilience to Climate
and Ecosystem Changes in Semi-Arid Africa: An Integrated Approach (CECAR-
Africa) project initiated in 2012. CECAR stands for Climate and Ecosystem
Changes Adaptation Research. To be more specific, this edited book is a compila-
tion of selected presentations from the first “International Conference on Enhancing
Resilience to Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Semi-Arid Africa” under the
theme “Adaptation strategies for mitigating impacts of climate and ecosystem
changes on developing societies” at the University for Development Studies,
Tamale, Ghana, on 6–7 August 2014. The conference was attended by over 140
participants made up of project members, researchers and scientists from academe,
and development practitioners and business sectors, government agencies, depart-
ments, and ministries from Ghana and over 20 countries across the world to present
and discuss research findings. The contributed papers include research findings
from both CECAR-Africa project members and non-project members.
The CECAR-Africa project locally operationalized the sustainability science
approach by integrating the needs and traditional knowledge of local communities
and the use of various quantitative and qualitative research techniques and methods
such as field surveys, questionnaires, focal group discussions, land use and cover
change analysis, climate downscaling, hydrological model, and crop modeling.
Each chapter in the book contributes to understanding and appreciating the effects
of climate and ecosystem changes with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) which is consid-
ered to be one of the most vulnerable regions to climate and ecosystem changes.
The case studies also provide useful knowledge of collective responses and coping
adaptive capacity to enhance overall resilience across scales from local, to regional,
to national scales.
This book is designed to be useful for both academics and professionals includ-
ing policy makers in various government agencies and international organizations,
natural resource managers, and local leaders and practitioners. Also, we envision
v
vi Preface
that the book contributes to raising awareness and effective implementation for
achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa. This
book can be used in both undergraduate and postgraduate courses concerning topics
such as localized application of sustainability science, climate change adaptation,
resilience, natural resource management, and governance and capacity building.
We also believe that the case studies presented in this book are highly relevant as
they show research conducted at a local, national, and regional scale. They will also
serve as useful data for consideration in international research and policy activities
such as the climate change adaptation research of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and the regional and subregional assessments of
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
(IPBES).
Tokyo, Japan Osamu Saito
Tamale, Ghana Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic
Tokyo, Japan Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Kanagawa, Japan
Legon, Accra, Ghana Edwin A. Gyasi
August 2017
Acknowledgments
We wish to acknowledge and thank multiple stakeholders for their contribution and
support to this book, including all project members, contributing researchers, con-
ference participants, local governments, and local communities in the Tolon and Wa
West Districts in the Northern and Upper West Regions of Ghana.
The CECAR-Africa project and this book could not have been materialized with-
out the financial support received from the Japan Science and Technology Agency
(JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) as part of SATREPS
(Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development). We
particularly thank JICA Ghana Office and the project coordinators for effectively
managing project funds and collaborative activities.
The dedication and diligence of project scientists and researchers from Ghana
(University of Ghana, University for Development Studies, Ghana Meteorological
Agency, and United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa)
and Japan (the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and United Nations University
Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability) was instrumental in the concep-
tualization and implementation of the project.
To all the authors who contributed to this book, we say a big thank you for their
efforts. We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and con-
structive comments which helped improve initial drafts of authors’ manuscript.
Above all, we are profoundly grateful to the community members in the project
sites in the Tolon district (Yoggu, Cheshagu, Fihini, Daboshe, Zagua, and Kpalgun)
and Wa West district (Baleufili, Bankpama, Chietanga, and Zowayeli) of the
Northern and Upper West Regions, respectively. Farmers and other community
members whose knowledge and information forms the basis for this book were very
receptive to researchers and scientists during numerous field visits and community
workshops.
vii
Contents
Part I Formulation of ‘Ghana Model’
1 Toward Enhancing Resilience to Climate and Ecosystem
Changes in Semi-Arid Africa: Evidence from Northern Ghana ........ 3
Osamu Saito, Yaw Agyeman Boafo, and Godfred Seidu Jasaw
2 The Ghana Model for Resilience Enhancement in Semiarid
Ghana: Conceptualization and Social Implementation....................... 11
Osamu Saito, Yaw Agyeman Boafo, Godfred Seidu Jasaw,
Effah Kwabena Antwi, Shoyama Kikuko,
Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic, Richard Wilfred Nartey Yeboah,
Francis Obeng, Edwin A. Gyasi, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Part II Case Studies on Climate and Ecosystem Change
Impacts on Agriculture and Livelihood
3 Response of Maize to Different Nitrogen Application Rates
and Tillage Practices Under Two Slope Positions in the Face
of Current Climate Variability in the Sudan Savanna
of West Africa .......................................................................................... 41
Isaac Danso, Thomas Gaiser, Heidi Webber, Jesse Naab,
and Frank Ewert
4 Impact of Floods on Farmers’ Livelihoods in the Semi-arid Zone
of Benin .................................................................................................... 59
Alice Bonou, Tobias Wünscher, Anselme Adéniyi Adégbidi,
and Adama Diaw
5 Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Change on the Livelihood
and Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers
in the Upper White Volta Basin of Ghana ............................................ 79
Joseph Amikuzuno
ix
x Contents
6 Evaluating the Effect of Irrigation on Paddy Rice Yield
by Applying the AquaCrop Model in Northern Ghana ....................... 93
Shaibu Abdul-Ganiyu, Nicholas Kyei-Baffour,
Wilson Agyei Agyare, and Wilson Dogbe
7 Farmers’ Livelihoods and Welfare in the Wa West District,
Upper West Region of Ghana ................................................................ 117
Samuel A. Donkoh, Isaac Gershon Kodwo Ansah, William Adzawla,
and Bismark Amfo
Part III Case Studies on Ecosystem, Bio-production
and Socio-ecological Production Landscapes
8 Diversity and Dispersion Patterns of Tree Species Within
Household Farmlands and Open Parklands in the Talensi
Area of Northern Ghana ........................................................................ 137
Francis Azumah Chimsah, Joseph Saa Dittoh,
and Israel Kwame Dzomeku
9 Assessing Land and Ecosystem Management at the Local Level
in the Savannah Ecological Zone and the Implications
for Sustainability ..................................................................................... 149
Effah Kwabena Antwi, Ruby Mensah, Emmanuel Morgan Attua,
Gerald Yiran, John Boakye-Danquah, Richmond Ametepe,
and Dina Adjei Boadi
10 Non-timber Forest Products, Climate Change Resilience,
and Poverty Alleviation in Northern Ghana ......................................... 179
Yakubu Balma Issaka
11 Material Flow Analysis of Shea Butter Production Systems:
Implications for Sustainability in Semi-arid Ghana ............................ 193
Godfred Seidu Jasaw, Osamu Saito, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Part IV Case Studies on Climate Change Adaptation
and Coping Strategies
12 Strategies of Farmers in the Bawku West District of Ghana
to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Variability on Farming ................ 217
Apuswin Mercy Abarike, Richard Wilfred Nartey Yeboah,
and Israel Kwame Dzomeku
13 Green Farming Practices for Climate Change Mitigation
and Adaptation: A Comparison of Conventional Practices
and Vetiver Technology ........................................................................... 237
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