Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture

620 Pages·2011·35.46 MB·English

by  Barry S. Onouye

Statics and Strength
of Materials
for Architecture and
Building Construction
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Statics and Strength
of Materials
for Architecture and
Building Construction
Fourth Edition
Barry Onouye
with Kevin Kane
Department of Architecture
College of Architecture and Urban Planning
University of Washington
Prentice Hall
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Onouye, Barry (Barry Shizuo)
Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction / Barry Onouye with Kevin Kane,
Department of Architecture, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington.—Fourth
Edition.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-13-507925-6
1. Structural design. 2. Statics. 3. Strength of materials. 4. Strains and stresses. I. Kane, Kevin (John Kevin),
1954- II. Title.
TA658.O66 2012
624.1’771—dc22
2010053540
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-507925-X
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-507925-6
To our families . . .
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Foreword
I have had the privilege of teaching with Barry Onouye in a design studio setting for 12 years.
From the outset, it was obvious that he had a sound knowledge of structures, but what also be-
came apparent over time was his profound understanding of architectural structures—the struc-
tural systems that play a critical role in the planning, design, and making of buildings. He is an
exceptional teacher, not only extremely knowledgeable but also able to explain principles and
concepts in an articulate manner and to relate his reasoning to the problems and opportunities in
architectural design and building construction. In the pages of this book, he has managed, along
with Kevin Kane, to convey this same extraordinary teaching ability.
Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Constructionis a refreshing treat-
ment of an enduring topic in architectural education. It combines in a single text the related
fields of statics—the external force systems acting on structural elements—and strength of
materials—the internal forces and deformations that result from external forces. Together, these
classic areas of inquiry give rise to the size and shape of structural elements and the configura-
tion of these elements into systems that unite and support the components and contents of a
building.
Such systems underlie all buildings, from the monuments of the past to the most humble
structures of the present. Whether visible to the eye or concealed by elements of enclosure, these
three-dimensional frameworks occupy space and establish the nature and composition of the
spaces within buildings. Even when obscured by the more discernible faces of floors, walls, and
ceilings, their presence can often be sensed by the mind’s eye. Thus, an understanding of struc-
tural theory and systems remains an essential component of architectural education.
Over the last century, numerous texts on building structures have been written for students
of architecture and building construction. What distinguishes this work is its effective weaving
of word and image. The problem for anyone teaching structures has always been to explain
structural theories and concepts to design students, for whom graphical material can be more
meaningful than numbers. The danger in a purely graphical approach, however, is the omission
of the mathematical models necessary for a realistic and rigorous treatment of the science of
structures. This text instead adopts the classical method for the teaching of building structures
and integrates visual information with the necessary mathematical models and essential struc-
tural principles and relates these concepts to real-world examples of architectural design in a
coherent and illuminating manner. This wise and balanced approach to the subject of statics and
strength of material should serve well both teachers and students of architectural structures.
Frank Ching
vii
Preface
Aprimary aim of this book since its first publication in 1998 has been to develop and present basic
structural concepts in an easily understood manner using “building” examples and illustrations
to supplement the text. Much of this material has been “field tested,” revised, and modified over
the course of 40 years of teaching, and it will continue to be modified in the future. There was a
great temptation to add many new topical areas to this revision, but I decided to keep this book
focused primarily on statics and strength of materials. Instead, small tweaks and additions were
incorporated without trying to cover more material than is necessary in an introductory course.
Introducing structural theory without relying on a predominantly mathematical treatment has
been challenging, to say the least, and a noncalculus engineering alternative to the topic seemed to
be essential. Early on, it was decided that a heavily illustrated, visual approach was necessary in con-
necting and linking structural theory to real buildings and structural components. Using examples
and problems that are commonly found in buildings and structures around us appeared to be a log-
ical way of introducing mathematically based material in a nonthreatening way.
This text is organized along the lines of traditional textbooks on statics and strength of materials,
because it seems to be a very logical, time-tested approach. Asound understanding of statics and
strength of materials establishes a theoretical and scientific basis for understanding structural the-
ory. Numerical calculations are included as a way of explaining and testing one’s understanding of
the principles involved. Many fully worked example problems are also included, with additional
problems for student practice at the end of each chapter and on the companion website.
This text is intended as the next step following a basic introductory presentation of structural
principles and systems. Organizationally, the book consists of two parts: statics in Chapters 2
through 4, and strength of materials covered in Chapters 5through 10.
Aheavy emphasis is placed on the use of free-body diagrams in understanding the forces acting
on a structural member. All problems begin with a pictorial representation of a structural compo-
nent or assembly and are accompanied by a free-body diagram. Illustrations are used extensively to
ensure that the student sees the connection between the real object and its abstraction.
Chapter 1introduces the student to the process of structural design. Loads and the basic func-
tional requirements of a building are introduced along with the larger architectural issues of build-
ing design. This revision has expanded the discussion on loads and, in particular, wind and
earthquake. Chapter 3uses the principles discussed in Chapter 2to solve an array of determinate
structural frameworks. Load tracing in Chapter 4illustrates the interaction of one member with
other members and introduces the concept of load paths that develop in a building, with an attempt
to examine the overall structural condition regarding gravity and lateral loads. Although not cus-
tomarily covered in statics, load tracing was included to illustrate the power of the basic principle of
mechanics and the use of free-body diagrams as studied in Chapters 2and 3. Ageneral introduction
to lateral bracing strategies for multibay and multistory buildings is also included, but without any
accompanying force calculations due to its complexity.
Chapter 5introduces the concepts of stress and strain and material properties as they relate to ma-
terials commonly used in the building industry. This text would be greatly complemented by stu-
dents taking a course on the methods and materials of construction either concurrently or before the
study of strength of materials. Cross-sectional properties are covered in Chapter 6, again with an em-
phasis on commonly used beam and column shapes. Chapters 7, 8, and 9develop the basis for beam
and column analysis and design. Elastic theory has been utilized throughout, and the allowable
stress method has been employed for the design of beams and columns. Some simplifications have
been introduced to beam and column design equations to eliminate the complexity unwarranted for
preliminary design purposes. Sizing of beams and columns is well within the range of a final, closely
engineered element sized by the more complex formulas. It is assumed that students will take sub-
sequent courses in timber, steel, and concrete; therefore, building code equations and criteria have
not been incorporated in this text. This edition includes a new Section 8.7, which introduces the stu-
dent to the load resistance factor design (LRFD) method for designing steel members. No attempt
was made to do an extensive treatment of the topic, but it is recommended that an interested stu-
dent seek classes or other texts that deal exclusively with the subject of limit state design.
viii