Table Of ContentSTABILITY AND CHANGE IN THE LAW OF THE SEA
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NOVA ET VETERA IURIS GENTIUM
PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT
Editorial Board
T.D. GILL
C.G. ROELOFSEN
A.H.A. SOONS
W.G. WERNER
SERIES A: MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW
NUMBER 24
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STABILITY AND CHANGE
IN THE LAW OF THE SEA:
THE ROLE OF THE LOS
CONVENTION
Edited by
Alex G. Oude Elferink
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
LEIDEN/BOSTON
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Printed on acid-free paper.
ISBN 90-04-14613-X
© 2005 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
http://www.brill.nl
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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Publishers provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance
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Printed and bound in The Netherlands
CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Arbitrations, Cases and Judgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Conventions, Treaties and Other International Instruments . . xiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Alex G. Oude Elferink
PART ONE
THE LOS CONVENTION AS AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME:
A POLITICAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
The LOS Convention as a Constitutional Regime for the Oceans. . . . 9
Shirley V. Scott
Commentary on Shirley V. Scott “The LOS Convention
as a Constitutional Regime for the Oceans” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Oran R. Young
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Richard A. Barnes
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Rainer Lagoni
PART TWO
THE ROLE OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE
UNITED NATIONS AND THE MEETING OF STATES
PARTIES TO THE LOS CONVENTION IN
REVIEWING ITS IMPLEMENTATION
The General Assembly and the Meeting of States Parties in the
Implementation of the LOS Convention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Tullio Treves
vi CONTENTS
Reviewing Implementation of the LOS Convention and Emerging
International PublicLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Ellen Hey
PART THREE
THE IMPACT OF STATE PRACTICE ON THE JURISDICTIONAL
FRAMEWORK CONTAINED IN THE LOS CONVENTION
The Impact of State Practice on the Jurisdictional
Framework contained in the LOS Convention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Robin R. Churchill
The Impact of State Practice on the Jurisdictional Framework
Contained in the LOS Convention: A Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Donald R. Rothwell
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Bernard Blaskiewicz
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Barbara Kwiatkowska
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Rainer Lagoni
PART FOUR
STRENGTHENING THE LOS CONVENTION’S REGIME
THROUGH THE ADOPTION OF IMPLEMENTING
AGREEMENTS, THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHER MEANS
Flexibility and Innovation in the Law of the Sea – Will the
LOS Convention Amendment Procedures Ever Be Used?. . . . . . . . 169
David Freestone and Alex G. Oude Elferink
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
David H. Anderson
Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Richard A. Barnes
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
PREFACE
The year 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of the Netherlands Institute for
the Law of the Sea (NILOS), which was established at the Faculty of Law of
Utrecht University in 1984. It was decided to commemorate the founding of
NILOS with a symposium dedicated to the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea,1 which has had a profound impact on the Institute’s
research agenda.
Considering a possible format for the symposium, it soon became apparent
that one need not look far. The Institute of Public International Law of the
Faculty of Law of Utrecht University had hosted two highly successful sym-
posia to commemorate the legacy of professor J.H.W. Verzijl,2longtime pro-
fessor of international law at Utrecht, in respectively 1988 and 1993.3At both
these symposia, four rapporteurs had each prepared a report, which had been
submitted beforehand to the participants. At the symposium, each report was
discussed by a commentator after which a general debate followed. In draw-
ing up the final versions of their reports and commentaries the contributors
could profit from these discussions. In addition, participants were encouraged
to submit their interventions at the symposium in writing for inclusion in the
proceedings. The present symposium adopted this same format.
To devote the Third J.H.W. Verzijl Memorial Symposium to the law of the
sea is not only explained by the considerations set out above, but also by the fact
that the international law of the sea is one of the branches of international law
in which professor Verzijl had a particular interest. Among other things, he
headed the Netherlands delegation to the United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea at Geneva in 1958.4
This book contains the texts of the four reports presented at the symposium
(by Shirley Scott, Tullio Treves, Robin Churchill and David Freestone and
1. Adopted on 10 December 1982; 1833 UNTS 396 (hereinafter LOS Convention).
2. For a short account of the life and work of professor Verzijl see C.G. Roelofsen Jan
Hendrik Willem Verzijl 1888–1987(T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague: 1993).
3. The proceedings of both symposia have been published (see A.H.A. Soons (ed.) International
Arbitration: Past and Prospects (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht: 1990); and H.H.G. Post
International Economic Law and Armed Conflict(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht: 1994).
4. An account of professor Verzijl’s views on results of the Conference are contained in an
article which he published shortly after the conclusion of the Conference (J.H.W. Verzijl “The
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Geneva, 1958” (1959) 6 Nederlands Tijdschrift
voor Internationaal Recht1–42 and 115–139).
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viii PREFACE
Alex Oude Elferink respectively) with such changes as the authors saw fit to
make in the light of the debate at the symposium. It also includes the main
commentaries of Oran Young, Ellen Hey and Donald Rothwell and the other
commentaries which have been submitted by the participants. These texts are
preceded by an introduction discussing the overall theme of the symposium,
the choice of specific topics and its outcomes.
The symposium was held in the Council Hall at Achter Sint Pieter 200 in
Utrecht on 3 December 2004 and was organized by the Institute of Public
International Law of Utrecht University and NILOS. The Symposium would
not have been possible without financial support from a number of sources,
including the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and the G.J.
Wiarda Research Institute of the Faculty of Law of Utrecht University. We
also would like to thank the participants to the Symposium for creating the
stimulating environment in which the contributions to the present proceed-
ings took their final form. Finally, our appreciation goes to Annebeth
Rosenboom and the other staff at Martinus Nijhoff Publishers for getting this
book ready for submission to its intended audience.
Utrecht, May 2005
Alfred H.A. Soons
Chairman of the Third J.H.W. Verzijl Memorial Symposium
Professor of public international law
Director, NILOS
Alex G. Oude Elferink
Senior research associate, NILOS
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ABBREVIATIONS
1994 Agreement Agreement Relating to the Implementation of
Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982
1995 Agreement Agreement for the Implementation of the
Provisions of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to
the Conservation and Management of Straddling
Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
AJIL American Journal of International Law
BYIL British Yearbook of International Law
CCAMLR Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic
Marine Living Resources
CHM common heritage of mankind
CLCS Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
COFI Committee on Fisheries
CYIL Canadian Yearbook of International Law
DOALOS Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
EEZ exclusive economic zone
EJIL European Journal of International Law
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
Fish Stocks Conference United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish
Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
FON Program Freedom of Navigation Program
Galapagos Agreement Framework Agreement for the Conservation of
the Living Marine Resources on the High Seas in
the South-eastern Pacific
GEF Global Environment Facility
HST hegemonic stability theory
ICC International Criminal Court
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICJ Reports Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and
Orders; The International Court of Justice
ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly
ICP United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative
Process on Oceans and Law of the Sea
IJMCL International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
ILM International Legal Materials
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x ABBREVIATIONS
IMO International Maritime Organization
IPOA on IUU Fishing International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unreported
and Unregulated Fishing
ISA International Seabed Authority
ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
ITLOS Reports Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and
Orders of the International Tribunal for the Law
of the Sea
LOSB Law of the Sea Bulletin
LOS Convention United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
MP Marine Policy
NILR Netherlands International Law Review
ODIL Ocean Development and International Law
PSI Proliferation Security Initiative
PSSA particularly sensitive sea area
PrepCom Preparatory Commission for the International
Seabed Authority and for the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
RIAA United Nations Reports of International Arbitral
Awards
SPLOS Meeting of States Parties to the LOS Convention
TAC total allowable catch
UCH Convention Convention on the Protection of the Underwater
Cultural Heritage
UN United Nations
UNCLOS I United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
UNCLOS III Third United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea
UNCLOS III Off. Rec. Third United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea; Official Records
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNLS United Nation Legislative Series
UNTS United Nations Treaty Series
Vienna Convention Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Virginia Commentary Nordquist, M.H. (general ed.) United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, 1982: A Commentary
ZAORV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und
Völkerrecht
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