Some notes on Maghribi script @ ^*I. adn den Boogert - Islamic

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Somen otes on Maghribi script
^*I. adn denB oogert
@
In writing the presents tudy, I wanted it to servea Apart from this generalc haracteristic,t he distinctive
doublep urpose. featureso f Maghribi script are the following:
In the first place,i t is intendeda s a concisem anual l. the final aliJ is drawn from top to bottom;
for the reading of Maghribi manuscriptm aterial, 2. the stems of alif, lam, lam-alif and ta'lza' have
which often posesp roblemse, venf or natives peakers club-like extensionst o the left of their top point;
of Arabic.T he cursives tyleo f Maghribis cripta s well 3. the ioop of ;adlQad is identical with that of n'l
as the calligraphics tylec ontainm anyl etterformsa nd za', i.e. it has no 'tooth';
ligaturesw ith which the averager eadero f Arabic is 4. the stemo f la'lZA'is drawn diagonally;
unfamiliar. 5. qa/ andfA'have unconventionald iacritical points;
Secondly,t his article, and especiallyt he list of 6. final and separate dalldhAl are very similar to
letterformsw hich constitutest he largestp art of it, is initial and medial kaf, especiallyi n the earlier mss;
meant as a possibles tarting-pointo f further, more more differentiated forms developed later;
thorough researchin to the paleographyo f Maghribi These are the features that distinguish Maghribi
script. Attention is focusedo n the individual letter- script from the Mashriqi scripts( .naskhc .s.).
'la
forms which makeu p the script. Houdas (p. 95) states that différenceq ue I'on
The manuscriptm aterial on which the notes on constate entre les formes du maghrébin et celles du
diacriticp ointsa nd vocalisationa nd the list of letter- neskhy n'est pas très profonde'. The differencesd e-
forms are basedh as beenl imited to specimenpsr o- scribed above however, though they are indeed not
ducedd urins the l9th and 20thc enturies. very profound, give valuable indications about the
origin of the script: it is preciselyt hese featurest hat
are found in a certain angular formal bookhand
THE ORIGIN OF MAGHRIBI SCRIPT ('Kufic') which was usedi n the Middle East in the Sth-
lOth centuriesA D. This bookhand is exemplifiedb y
The origin of Maghribi script has been investigated Yajda2 plates 4 and 53. In Arabic it is sometimes
by O. Houdasl. In his essayh e examinest he historical referred Í"oa s kufi murabba'. The most formal form of
circumstancesu nder which the introduction of the this hand is representedb y the Quranic script which is
'Eastern 'Qarmatian',
Arabic script in the Maghrib took place, and he usually called Kufic' or see
compares a few 9th-century Maghribi manuscripts Lingsa,p lates ll-21. This angular bookhand, to which
written on vellum. He comes to the conclusion that Maghribi script is apparently closely related, should
'Kufic'.
Maghribi script is a direct descendanto f He be distinguishedf rom a more rounded bookhand (kld
'une
even goes so far as to call Maghribi script légère mudawwar) which existed in the same period, and
transformationd u coufique' (p. 96). which was primarily used for copieso f the Quran (see
'Kufic'
The term is somewhata mbiguous.I n gene- Vajda, plates1 ,2 and 6ab, and Lings platesl -9).
'formal
ral. it should be taken to mean the bookhand At the time Arabic script was introduced into the
of the 1th - 10th century AD'. Houdas uses 'cou- Maghrib (8th/9th century AD), it had already split
'neskhy',
fique'in opposition to which term he usesa s into two different styles in the Mashriq: a formal
a genericn ame for the cursive scripts of the Mashriq style used for copies of the Quran, works of law and
(naskh , th uluth, etc.). jurisprudencea nd the like, and a cursives tyle,u sedi n
That Houdas' conclusiona bout the origin of Magh- correspondencea nd administration. Both these styles
ribi script is correct, though perhaps stated a little were developmentso f one original style, the archaic
imprecisely,b ecomesc lear when one takes a closer Arabic script of the 6th and early 7th centuriesA D. In
look at the distinctivef eatureso f this script.A generai the 7th and 8th centuriesd ifferent stylesd evelopedf or
characteristico f Maghribi script is what Houdas calls the various applications of the script. The formal,
'la
nature du trait': Maghribi is written with a sharp calligraphic style ('Kufic') soon becamem ore or less
pointed pen which producesa line of even thickness, standardiseda nd hardly changed during the time it
while in the Mashriq the point of the pen is cut in the remainedi n use.T he cursives tyle on the contrary was
form of a chisel,p roducing a line of varying thickness. not standardisedu ntil the 10th centurv AD. when.
Manuscriptso f the Middle East4 ( 1989) Q Ter Lugt PressD, onkerstege 19,2 312H A Leiden.N etherlands1, 989 ISSN0 920-0401
N. VAN DEN BOOGERT.N OTESO N MAGHR]BI SCRIPT a1
il
under the pressureo f the exigencieso f more speedier Secondly,t he scribeso f the Maghrib had the habit
ways of writing, severalc ursive stylesh ad developed, of imitating the specimenst hey were copying, which
all quite different from the formal style. It was Ibn could have beenw ritten in another region or country;
Muqla (d. 940 AD) who elevatedt he cursives tylest o this is, of course,t o a large extent a result of the lack
the calligraphic level by devising a system which he of a calligraphics tandard.
called al-khatt al-mansub.W ith this systemt he letter- Thirdly, the massiver emigration of Muslims from
forms of the cursives tylesc ould be standardisedT. his Spain definitely muddled up the different styles,a s far
made their use for non-casual applications such as as they existed.
Qurans and lawbooks possible, and the old formal Finally, the number of dated manuscriptsf rom the
style or Kufic soon went out of use( l lth century AD), Maghrib is relativelys mall.
exceptf or ornamentala pplications. After describingt he four calligraphic styles which
Houdas arguest hat only the old formal style of the he distinguishes,a nd naming each of them after its
Arabic script ('Kufic'), was introduced into the possiblep lace of origin, Houdas says (p. 110): ,...
Maghrib. From the centreso f Islamic learnings uch as mais il faut bien remarquer,q ue le nom de cesé critu-
Kairouan and Fes, the use of the script spread over res n'implique nullement la nécessitéq u'ellesa ient été
the Maghrib, and after a time it begant o be applied to tracéesd ans I'une ou I'autre des deux villes auxquelles
purposesf or which in the Mashriq the cursive scripts ellesd oivent leurs appellations'.
were used. Around the beginning of the llth century Houdas also tries to give a classificationo f the
AD the formal bookhand as a whole had changedi nto cursive Maghribi scripts. These he divides into four
a more cursivef orm, which could be written fastera nd geographicatly pes:'tunisienne','algérienne','maro-
easiert han the old form and which has remained in caine' and 'soudanienne'.B earing in mind the prob-
useu ntil the present. lems already encountered in trying to classify the
calligraphicals tyles,t hesen amesc ould at best be used
to roughly indicate the area where a particular ms.
DIFFERENT STYLES was produced; they do not tell us anything about the
featureso f its script.
Houdas also tries to describet he characteristicso f The possibilitieso f making a more definitie classifi-
the various styleso f Maghribi script. He first makes a cation of the different styleso f Maghribi script seem
difference between two levels: the calligraphic level to be small.
('l'écriture soigné')a nd the non-calligraphico r cursive The best prospectsa re perhaps offered by a close
level.H e then dividest he calligraphics cript into three examination of the script used in legal documents,
styles.E ach of these stylesh ad as its place of origin especiallyt he more luxurious ones. These documents
one of the cultural and intellectual centres of the usually bear a place and date, and it is improbable
Maghrib. These are: Qayrawànr (from Kairouan), that they have been copied from specimensf rom an
Fàsi (from Fès) and Andalusr (from Cordoba). entirely different region. From the list of letter forms
Houdas also distinguishesa fourth style, Sldáni, (see below) it becomes clear that Maghribi script
which originated in the Timbuktu area, and is nowa- containsa wealth of peculiarl etter forms and ligatures
days usedi n the entire sub-Saharanz onel rom Senegal (see for instance the lam-alif and the atif + tam-alif
to northern Nigeria. This stylei s treatedb y Houdas as ligatures).I f these forms could be dated, they might
cognatew ith the other three styleso f Maghribi script. give a clue as to the place and date of origin of
But judging by the very distinct charactero f Sfidánr, undated MSS.
which is easily recognisable,t his style probably de-
velopedp arallel to, but independentf rom the script of
THULUTH MAGHRIBI
the Maghrib, and should be treated as cognate with
Maghribi script as a wholes. Sldáni is therefore not In many Maghribi MSS a script different from
dealt with in the presenta rricle. Maghribi script proper is usedf or the writing of titles,
For each of these styles Houdas mentions a few chapter headingsa nd the like. This is often done in
characteristics( pp. 108-112),a bout which he himself red, green or blue ink. This script is characterisedb y
'Toutes
says, however: ces indications sont un peu the very loosef orm of its letters,w hich makesi t easily
vagues,m ais il est impossibled e leur donner une plus distinguishablef rom Maghribi proper.
grande précision.' Houdas gives various reasonsf or Also, severalo f its individual letter forms are dif-
this difficulty in establishingt he features of each of ferent,e .g.:
theses tylesi n a more definite way. 1. the alíf and the lam have a top-serif to the right
Firstly, a standardisedf orm or a calligraphici deal, insteado f to the left:
( t A
such as existedf or the stylesu sed in the Mashriq, has
never come into being in the Maghrib. According to l | l t
I t ï
Houdas, this is a result of the aversion against regu-
larity and symmetry prevalent among the artisans of (v /) ) ) )
the Maghrib.
J./. MANUSCRIPTSO F THE MIDDLE EAST4 íI989)
2. the final alif is drawnfrom bottom to top: A clustero f three points written above the line or a
cluster of two or three points written under the line
may be replacedb y a flourish similar to an inverted
comma:
c
shahr
gf*o
3. the ta'lza' has a vertical stem insteadof a diago-
nal one: (í.J É rttatirtt
-;;
"/,,r-G,
| *) bavna
VC
4. the kaJ'hasa flag-liket op stroke,a ndusually a serif 2. Shadda
at the top of the stem:
@ @ Two systemsa re in usef or thenotation of shadd.
The conventionasly stemw aso nlyfound to be used in
\\ \\
the QuranicM SS examined:
1\ 1 \ 6 shadda+ farha
ww
shaddaI kasra
5. unconnecÍed dal and initial and final stn and ba'
(etc.)a lso have serifs:
o o N N w3 snadd1 * dumma
G 2 è
A second system, of which the place and date of
6. the lam-alif has the followins form. with two r'".rtn- _ origin still remain to be establishedw. as found in the
serifst o the right: other MSS. In this system,a V-shapeds ign is used.
This sign is written in different positions with a
varying orientation to represent both shadd as the
foilowing vowel:
U' li,tt cm-nas
7. the pointing of the ./a' and the qaf is often done in
the conventionalw ay in this script (seef or instance (.' SJ t ad-dtn

Lings plate 712: ,surat al-qari'a, and plate I l3:
jlta,-nur
sadaqal lahu I-'aVtm).
This script is sometimesc alled maghribí mujawhar
or, more commonly, íhuluth maghribt.It is the Magh- For extra clarity a vowel sign may be added,
although this is not strictly necessary:
ribi interpretation of thuluth, one of the six canonical
/ -
sty\es( al-aqlam as-sitta) used in the Mashriq, whence v u / v
it was imported into the Maghrib, probably around , _shadda + fatha
the 13thc enturyA D or later. ':
Thuluth maghrihï was also often used for inscrip- :L shuctcta+ damma
tions.e .s.i n the Alhambra.
TrTshaddalkasra
3. Wasla
DIACRITICAL POINTS AND VOCALISATION
The conventionawl asla( ") doesn ot occur in the
1. Diacriticalp oints examinedM aghribi texts.I nstead,t o indicaten ,asla
smalld ot can be writteno vert he alif6,e .g.:
The diacriticalp oints of two connectedle ttersa re
v , '
often written togetheri n a cluster.T his can only be
,(l.l I q.íD hu*at tah
done, however,w hen one of thesel ettersh as two
diacriticalp ointsa nd the othero nly one,i .e.n o clusters In fully vocalisedt exts, the final vowel sign of the
of more than threep ointsa re formed: preceding word is written a second time with the atif
''nn al-wasl. A repeatedf atha is then placed between the
Corl
*" dot and the alif, and a repeatedk asra is written below
boY'o lhe ali/. When the final vowel sign is a damma, a small
QP
horizontal line similar to fatha and kasra is drawn
1t,
through the middle of the alif :
N. VAN DEN BOOGERT.N OTESO N MAGHRIBI SCRIPT 33
i :
ilI When lhe alif is contained in Ihe lam-alif ligature,
(,\ /^j.'=1,-É (cid:0)n A sadaoa llcjh the hamza is placed inside the lam-aliJ or before it,
Y a l o e.g.:
J\D, J.^^) bisni ltatt éót
\- al- att
r Y r i: . ï
aL'an
A JT ^,ÓJ-> hnh:nhul lah OlJ.l
.:-
6. Long a
When alif al-v,asl stands at the beginningo f a verse
or sentencei,t s usualp rotheticvoweli sw rittenw ith it: A long á, which in Modern StandardA rabic (MSA)
- o - 1o1. is regularly spelledd efectivelyor, in vocalisedte xts,i s
'dagger
.4 \-s/J. . I al-vawm indicated by a ali/', is frequently spelledp lene
L
in Maghribi texts,e .g.:
4. Hamza lJ tó hadha
Hamza is frequently omitted, even in partially vo- d s to hadhihr
calisedt exts. When written at all. it takes one of the
J=JIsaturiruo
following forms:
9 t 9 e àDl',,un
s
The form e is possiblya graphicd evelopment The long a in allah, however,i s always spelled
of 9: defectively.
9
9 ? e In vocalisedt exts the defectivelys pelled long a i s
representedb y fatha followed by a small separatealí'
which is placeda bovet he line, e.g.;
When the chair of the hamzai s an initial or medial 't
.va',t he hamzai s placedb elow the line. The diacritical (-*h-I=J l,l-ktah
points of the ya' are often written together with the
hamza: 'á7*b When precededb y a lam.this separaet alif is drawn
diagonally through the lam,e.g.:
aa tra
vra-lakin
sa'ír
2r.)*' The long a in allah is representedb y .fatha only:
=
ï'i
uàtrÈal-jlaza'ir c^JJ I allalt
7. Vowels igns
5. Madda
The vowel signsJ atha, kasra and dammaa nd the
The madda (*) is used to mark a long vowel tany;ïna rew ritteni n a conventionawl ay:
which is followed by hamz or by a doubled consonant,
_ Q
e.g.:
"' vT
ó S L madda 2 u
rí l -
s l+ ia'o l-an
Ein
e han.
ó (2
2un
n partially vocalised texts the madda may be written
while the harnzai s omitted: 8. Adaptedl etters
T
)\,re ma The phonemeg that occursin the spokenA rabic of
the Maghrib is written either with jïm or qaf. or with
The combination of hamz plus long a, which in
oneo f the adaptedle tters ..*.,
conventional Arabic spelling is representedb y alíf 5, U ,
with madda 1T;, is written in Maghribi script with èt,
alif precededb y hamza, e.g.'. gish Qayshl
t2i.i;?
i.
(9 gum( quv'm)
Wle'a,,r,
, i
aLqu,'a,
blt{l Gannu(nn ame)
OJjJ
5+ MANUSCRIPTSO F THE MIDDLE EAST4 íI989)
The sound v that occurs in French loanwords is 6. a small dot indicates the point where the letter
written eitherwthf a' or with the adaptedl etter (, forms are connectedt o the preceding and/or fol-
e.g.: 1. lowing letter form;
,*Alavrit 7. cursive forms are given only when there is a con-
siderable difference between them and the more
9. Numbers calligraphicf orms.
Europeann umeralsh ave beeni n common usei n the
o"
ALIF
Maghrib alongside conventional Arabic numerals, l-f tr
sincea t leastt he beginningo f the l8th century. In fact,
they came to be preferredt o their Arabic counterparts
tr
during the l9th centurye.T hey are written in a charac-
teristics tyle:
(l)
1 2 3 15 6 7 t 5 e 0
tr
The form of the numeral8 is typical.
sep.
Letter no.1 7 in Houdas (1891)c ontainsa date
tr
writteni n the so-calledg hubartn umerals:
lz ío ,tuo
I _l-
tr
In a note on this letter Houdas says that these
ghubarïn umeralsa re much usedi n easternA lgeria
' t '
- -l-
and in Morocco.I n the manuscripmt ateriale xamined
tr
for this article,h owevert,h ey occuro nly once.
@
'-t-'
10.P aragraphm arkers
The sign :? ir commonlyu sedt o mark thee ndo f E @
a paragraph.
To mark the end of a paragrapho r of a wholet ext,
thea bbreviationlP f., may be used. M
(j&lintaha
tr
LIST OF LETTER FORMS
tr
This list, though not exhaustive,g ives a good clue
to the variety of letter forms one encountersi n the
average Maghribi manuscript. It is arranged as fol-
V
lows:
1. for each letter all variants are given which were
found for its initial form (abbreviated in.), its
(r)
medial form (med), its final form ffin.) and its
Occursfr equentliyn :
separateo r unconnectedf orm (sep.):
2. the basic forms are followed by ligatures (if pre- sayyidund
6--
sent),w hich are arrangeda lphabeticallya nd which
can be found under the first of their two compo- bi-íarkh(seneo te5 )
. 1í9Y.
nent parts;
(g.*", _r,a
3. variants of a certain letter form are arranged in a f"
horizontal line if they strongly resembleo ne an-
other, or if one is a graphicald evelopmentf rom the aÁ'1rÁ'1ruÁ', N7lv (initiala nd medialTYt.Á ' lini-
other: tial and medial)
4. variants of letter forms between which there is a
considerabled ifference,o r which have each devel- (2,3 )
oped into widely different new forms, are arranged
in a vertical line; t r l o l o '
5. letter forms marked with a small letter c were
found in cursivet exts onlv;
N, VAN DEN BOOGERTN, OTESO N MAGHRIBÍ SCRIPT 35
tr
l e
fin. / tW bi-rartkh
tr
The ra'is sometimesc onnectedth rough:
'Ágt
hi-rarrkh
tr
sep. Thisl igaturie, urrÍuri u, u rrr,t., abbeviatioonf:
. 1 1
f.ercetera.:
á
t-,-l
\-.
. ) 'ila'akhirihí
tl 'rl /
t-
-b-j
-b-d (6) (6)
-b-mtr This form is extremelya mbiguousI.t wasf ound to
representth e followingl ettersa nd ligatures:
b-j (s) bA'@rc.)o r sïnsf hïn+ jtm (etc.):
bi-taríkh
^lr:J
(2)
. / ' r i
In the basmala, the initial ba' often has the same as-shavktt
height as the lam: l\-,'iJl
st
d=._IJ :Ir _. lJ bism,ai h bbi-farh
t -
ZlÀl an-nusakh
(3)
L
'bridge'
The form of initial ba' (eLc.)w, hich in the bà'(etc)+ datldhat:
scriptso f the Mashriqs ucha sn askha ndr uq'ai s used A
when it is followed by jrmlhA'lkhA',m ïm or ha' Z'..V bi-.t'ud
(medial),o ccursi n Maghribi script only in the fol-
^
lowingc ombinations:
<,Yjayyid
ba (etc.)I mtm,e .g.:
r ba'(etc) or stnfs htn * mím:
I-€. ui-na
" l aLmo,sim
1t"-)l
* khàtuttt
f
ba' (etc.) + nun (final),e .g.: #tlar-,attt,,t
I aat'.
(-nl ibn( seea lson ote2 6)
ba' (eÍc.)- l ra'fz ay,e .g.:
#twa-ba'd
barta
uf (f
bi-hadha
'normal'
But in all thesec asesth e form is alsou sed. {\^-,
and seemsin deedt o be preferred:
L- khatam 4*l(gat-'ahart
C
dal + ya':
iun
7g1
SIdI
gt barrd
I
(4)
The 'bridge' form of medial ba' (etc.\ and of initial 4lathclhí
and medial sínlshtnc an be used when it is followed kaf + mrm( witho r withoutt op stroke):
by jím (etc.),m tm, ha' (medial) or ya'(final). Seea lso
.ara).kunt
ligaturesu nder (6). /\tJ-c,
1_
(5)
Occurs frequently in:
#LL-p,abukum
JO MANUSCRIPTSO F THE MIDDLE EAST4 íI989)
lam * jtm (etc.): ,u,
ltl
. ' E W
{i)nstin
lam + mím'.
,to*
*l (7)
The dalldhal may easily be confused with kaJ,
nu 1n À'1xtn Ár' sincet heirf ormsa res ometimevse rys imilar,e specially
in cursivet exts.C ompleteh omography,h owever,i s
usuallya voidede, .g.:
in
trtr 9J5ana*o
(8)
med. To avoid confusion with final ra'f zày, a small dal
tr tr is sometimesa dded to f,nal dalidhat:
h-qatt
fin. :P
(e)
tr
Occursf requentlyin :.
(6) Í f,l.ÍD hadha
v
tr (10)
Occursfr equentliyn :
sep. ')latbdhr
Jl,
oL rr
nÁ'12Áv
DALIDoHA'L[-al
o " 1 7
tr l.cl,u,,
trtr
Ld
(')
IJ:l ,.p rrr r
[-/ I
' h F ]
,.pF.l
w
tr
t--_-l
tÍ_l
tr
,.NEI
V
,,Fl
tr
.0.[Gl
ter
(12)
a
d'F:l E A
, r [ ? t r
d v E t r i T " o '
t r t r Á t r Á
N. VAN DEN BOOGERT.N OTESO N MAGHRIBI SCRIPT )l
t r t r @
(ll)
Unconnecterda' may be connectedt o the following
letteri n:
-- E
AW bi-tartkh( seea lson ote5 ) sep
tr
^re rahma E
(12)
Thisl igaturealso represents- rzni n: trtr
i , a ,
P asnrtn -s-r (.16)
a
\- tr
sfuisH1ï
, ' F l l r o , q-v
(t7)
e í14)
The initiai and medialf orms of sad andd àdh aven o
'tooth',
asi n the Mashriqis cripts.
(l 3)
(l 5)
trtr
The vertically elongatedf orm of medial gadl/act
may be usedw heni t is followedbyj tm (etc.)o r rmm,
med. G)
tr tr
yandiju
fin.
(l 6)
trtr
Occursfr equentliyn :
' 7 .
sep.
b 9>' l-tudr't
(13) The diacritl"ut po* of the dad issometimesp laced
insidet he loop: "r
Occurso nly in: v
er,;.;.a.;
shaykh
v
(17)
sallama This ligatureo ccursf requentlyin :
,-tAU I ut-qadr
' ' l e
sÁo1oÁo
TA'tZA'(18)
(14)
'"
tr a[,.]
tr
-'dFl
(14)
tr
",.0i;l
EI
tr a
(15)
tr
n ' F l
38
MANUSCRIPTSO F THE MIDDLE EAST4 íI989)
.n,
trtrtr[El
(20)
'ayn
The height of the loop of the initial may be
tr equal to that of the lam.
fin. FÁ'Qt)
trt
in
@
t l
tr
tr tr
med.
tr
tr
@
tr
tr
fin. (22)
sep.
g t-c-l
sep. (22)
t ' t
tr
t r K tr
QÁFQ t)
in.
tr
(l 8)
The diacritical point of the ;a' is usually piaced to med
the left of the stem.
tr
(le)
While in the Mashriqi scripts the stem of the ta'l
tr
za' is only added after the loop and the lettersd irectly
connectedt o it have been written, in Maghribi script
fin. (22)
the stem is usually written first. This explainst he wild
forms into which lhe ta'lza'have developed. g
AYNIGHAYN tr sep. (22)
(20)
er\
trtr
The bestk nown characteristiocf Maghribi scripti s
the differentp ointingo f fà' andq Af:f a'has onep oint
undert he line and qa/ has one point abovet he line.
tr tr
(22)
med.
The diacriticalp ointso f final and unconnectefda ',
qal and nun are regularly omitted. While diacritical
t-l
pointsa re not strictlyn ecessarhye re,s incei n theory
l * ' l these letters are all written differently in final or
tr
unconnectepdo sition,t he differenceb etweenth em is
oftenh ard to see,e veni n calligraphics pecimens.
fin.
tr KÀF
(23)
tr
sep.
N, VAN DEN BOOGERTN. OTESO N MAGHRIBI SCRIPT 39
tr
LAM 'i-r o'
med. (23)
[f
[I tr
H
l-'l
tr med. (27)
tr tr
(24)
tr fin.
fin. (23) E E
tr
t-l
tr tr
l-'l
tr tr sep.
u
tr tr
trtrJ"cl,s,
E
-r-j
w
(6)
-l-m
í75 \
(.26)
The short, curved form of initiai lam is usedw hen
is followedb y jtnlhA'lkha' or mtnt,e .g.:
sep. (23)
at-madt
trtr 8 L?l
C' )vl at-hizh
trtr
(27)
A shortenedform of medial lam is often used in
xil ,,uo
(23)
Thet op strokeo f thek af is sometimedso ubled: MIM tr
It
in.
,5J5 ritka
tr
;J j l(lt at-karthiba
med.
(24) tr
Only used when followedby flnal mtm, e.g.'.
hukm tr
Seea lso (6) above. fin.
tr
(2s)
Occursf requentlyin : (6)
tr trtr
/rt:,é'Jltanunm
sep.
The combination of initial lam and final kàf some-
times has a dot added to it in order to distinguishit tr
from the ligature of alif plus lam-atiJ' , e.g.: -m-d (28)
U s cthatika