Table Of ContentSoil and Groundwater
Remediation Technologies
Soil and Groundwater
Remediation Technologies
A Practical Guide
Edited by
Yong Sik Ok
Jörg Rinklebe
Deyi Hou
Daniel C.W. Tsang
Filip M.G. Tack
First edition published 2020
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Contents
Editors .........................................................................................................................................................................................vii
Contributors .................................................................................................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1 Overview of Soil and Groundwater Remediation ...................................................................................................1
Filip M.G. Tack and Paul Bardos
Chapter 2 Sustainable Remediation and Socio-Environmental Management at Contaminated Sites...................................13
Deyi Hou, David O’Connor, and Yuanliang Jin
Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites ................................................................................23
Jurate Kumpiene
Chapter 4 International Trace Element Regulation Limits in Soils .......................................................................................31
Vasileios Antoniadis, Sabry M. Shaheen, Efi Levizou, and Jörg Rinklebe
Chapter 5 Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater ...............................................................................................41
Wentao Jiao, Xiaomin Dou, Jian Hu, Shiyu Wang, Longjie Ji, Ziyu Han, Yinqing Fang, and Zhirui Qin
Chapter 6 Arsenic Removal from Water Using Biochar-Based Sorbents: Production, Characterization, and
Sequestration Mechanisms ....................................................................................................................................63
Rabia Amen, Hamna Bashir, Irshad Bibi, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain, Sabry M. Shaheen, Muhammad
Shahid, Muhammad Bilal Shakoor, Kiran Hina, Hailong Wang, Jochen Bundschuh, Yong Sik Ok,
Jörg Rinklebe, and Nabeel Khan Niazi
Chapter 7 Potential Value of Biowastes in the Remediation of Toxic Metal(loid)-Contaminated Soils ...............................81
Jin Hee Park and Nanthi S. Bolan
Chapter 8 Microbiological Interfacial Behaviors in the Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from
Soil and Water ....................................................................................................................................................87
Dong Zhang and Li Lyu
Chapter 9 Remediation of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated with Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) ....109
S.T.M.L.D. Senevirathna and Reza Mahinroosta
Chapter 10 Phytomanagement of Pollutants in Soil and Groundwater .................................................................................125
Sofie Thijs, Andon Vasilev Andonov, Malgorzata Wojcik, and Jaco Vangronsveld
Chapter 11 Layered Double Hydroxides for Soil and Groundwater Remediation .................................................................147
Zhengtao Shen, Yiyun Zhang, and Deyi Hou
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vi Contents
Chapter 12 Nanoremediation: The Next Generation of In Situ Groundwater Remediation Technologies ............................165
Elio Brunetti, Christian Schemel, Alina Gawel, and Julian Bosch
Chapter 13 Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils .....................................................................................................................183
Viraj Gunarathne, J.A.I. Senadheera, Udaya Gunarathne, Yaser A. Almaroai, and Meththika Vithanage
Chapter 14 Integrated Soil Remediation by Chemical-Enhanced Extraction and Biochar Immobilization for
Potentially Toxic Elements ..................................................................................................................................201
Jingzi Beiyuan, Daniel C.W. Tsang, Jörg Rinklebe, and Hailong Wang
Chapter 15 Green and Sustainable Stabilization/Solidification .............................................................................................213
Lei Wang, Liang Chen, and Daniel C.W. Tsang
Chapter 16 Treatment Strategies for Wastewater from Hydraulic Fracturing .......................................................................223
Yuqing Sun, Di Wang, Linling Wang, and Daniel C.W. Tsang
Chapter 17 Societal Support for Remediation Technologies .................................................................................................243
Jason Prior and Deyi Hou
Chapter 18 Post-Remediation Site Management....................................................................................................................259
Deyi Hou, David O’Connor, and Yinan Song
Chapter 19 Electrical Resistivity Tomography Monitoring and Modeling of Preferential Flow in Unsaturated Soils .........271
Debao Lu, Chaosheng Zhang, Ajit K. Sarmah, Yinfeng Xia, Nan Geng, James Tsz Fung Wong,
Jochen Bundschuh, and Yong Sik Ok
Chapter 20 Determination of the Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil: Theoretical and In Situ Approaches .........285
Debao Lu, Yinfeng Xia, Nan Geng, Sang Soo Lee, Jochen Bundschuh, and Yong Sik Ok
Chapter 21 New Technologies for Monitoring Contaminated Soil and Groundwater ..........................................................295
Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya, Xiaomin Dou, Jörg Rinklebe, Nanthi S. Bolan, and Yong Sik Ok
Chapter 22 Selected Examples of Remediation and Reactivation of Old Sites in the Ruhr Region ......................................315
Volker Selter
Index .........................................................................................................................................................................................333
Editors
Yong Sik Ok, PhD, is a Full Professor and Global Research Director of Korea University in
Seoul, Korea. His academic background covers waste management, the bioavailability of emerg-
ing contaminants, and bioenergy and value-added products (such as biochar). Professor Ok also
has experience in fundamental soil science and the remediation of various contaminants in soils
and sediments. Together with graduate students and colleagues, Professor Ok has published over
700 research papers, 60 of which have been ranked as Web of Science ESI top papers (56 nomi-
nated as “Highly Cited Papers” [HCPs] and 4 nominated as “Hot Papers”). He has been a Web of
Science Highly Cited Researcher (HCR) since 2018. In 2019, he became the first Korean to be
selected as an HCR in the field of Environment and Ecology. He maintains a worldwide profes-
sional network through his service as an Editor (former Co-Editor in Chief) of the Journal of
Hazardous Materials, Co-Editor for Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,
Associate Editor for Environmental Pollution and Bioresource Technology, and as a member of
the editorial boards of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Chemical Engineering
Journal, Chemosphere, and Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, along with several other top journals. Professor Ok has
served in a number of positions worldwide including as Honorary Professor at the University of Queensland (Australia), Visiting
Professor at Tsinghua University (China), Adjunct Professor at the University of Wuppertal (Germany), and Guest Professor at
Ghent University (Belgium). He currently serves as Director of the Sustainable Waste Management Program for the Association
of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU). He has served as chairman of numerous major conferences such as Engineering Sustainable
Development, organized by the APRU and the Institute for Sustainability of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
Jörg Rinklebe, PhD, is Professor for Soil and Groundwater Management at the University of
Wuppertal, Germany. His academic background covers environmental science, bioavailability of
emerging contaminants, and remediation of contaminated soils using value-added products such
as biochar. He works at various scales, ecosystems, and spheres including pedosphere, hydro-
sphere lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere and has a certain experience in fundamental soil
science. His main research is on soils, sediments, waters, plants, and their pollutions (trace ele-
ments and nutrients) and linked biogeochemical issues with a special focus in redox chemistry.
He also has a certain expertise in soil microbiology. Professor Rinklebe is internationally rec-
ognized particularly for his research in the areas of biogeochemistry of trace elements in wet-
land soils. He has published a number of scientific papers in leading international and national
journals. According to SCOPUS (January 22, 2020), Professor Rinklebe has published over 214
research papers, among which 23 were nominated as “Highly Cited Papers” and 1 as “Hot Paper.”
He is a highly cited researcher. His h-index is 41. He has published two books entitled Trace
Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments (2016) and Nickel in Soils and Plants (2018), as well as numerous book chapters.
He is Editor of the international journal Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (CREST), Chief Editor for
special issues of Environmental Pollution and the Journal of Hazardous Materials, and Guest Editor of the international jour-
nals Environment International, Chemical Engineering Journal, Science of the Total Environment, Chemosphere, Journal of
Environmental Management, Applied Geochemistry, and Environmental Geochemistry and Health. He is a member of several
editorial boards (Ecotoxicology; Geoderma, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution; Archive of Agronomy; and Soil Science) and reviewer
for many leading international journals. He has organized many special symposia at various international conferences such
as “Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements” (ICOBTE) and the “International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment”
(ICHMET). He has also been an invited speaker (plenary and keynote) at many international conferences. In 2016, he received
an appointment as Honorable Ambassador for Gangwon Province, South Korea, which was renewed in June 2018. In addition,
he received an appointment as Adjunct Professor at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia; Visiting Professor at the
Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; and Guest Professor at the China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Recently,
Professor Rinklebe was elected as Vice President of the International Society of Trace Element Biogeochemistry (ISTEB).
vii
viii Editors
Deyi Hou, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Environment of Tsinghua University
in Beijing, China. Professor Deyi’s research interests include sustainability of soil use and man-
agement, regional to global sources and distribution of heavy metal pollution, contaminant
transport and fate in porous media, and green and innovative remediation materials and tech-
nologies. He received his BE from Tsinghua University, MS from Stanford University, and PhD
from the University of Cambridge. He has published over 100 papers in international journals
including Nature, Science, Nature Climate Change, and Nature Sustainability. He is currently
serving as Editor-in-Chief for Soil Use and Management and Associate Editor for Science of the
Total Environment. He also serves as an editorial board member for Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology, Environmental Pollution, and Remediation Journal.
He has also served as co-chair, session chair, and scientific committee member for numerous
international conferences.
Daniel C.W. Tsang, PhD, is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Honorary Associate
Professor at the University of Queensland. He was an IMETE Visiting Scholar at Ghent
University in Belgium, Visiting Scholar at Stanford University in the United States, Senior
Lecturer and Lecturer at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, and Postdoctoral Fellow
at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom and the Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology. Dr. Tsang’s research group strives to develop low-impact solutions to ensure
sustainable development and foster new ways in which we utilize biomass waste, contaminated
land, and urban water. He has published over 350 SCI journal papers with an h-index of 45
(SCOPUS), and currently serves as Associate Editor of the Journal of Hazardous Materials,
Science of the Total Environment, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,
as well as editorial board member of Environmental Pollution, Bioresource Technology,
Chemosphere, and Advanced Sustainable Systems. He has received the Excellence in Review
Award from Environmental Science and Technology; Resources, Conservation & Recycling; and Chemosphere. He is the chair
and organizer of multiple international conferences including the Fifth Asia Pacific Biochar Conference (APBC 2020).
Filip M.G. Tack, PhD, is Professor in Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements at the Department
of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ghent University. He is Head of the Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry of Ghent University. Recent research topics
include the study of the occurrence, chemical speciation, and behavior of trace metals in ripar-
ian zones and dredged sediment disposal sites, treatment of wastewater using plant-based sys-
tems, and management/remediation of moderate metal contamination using phytoremediation
and phytostabilization. He is author or co-author of more than 200 publications in international
journals (h-index 65), 20 chapters in books, and more than 240 contributions to international
congresses. Professor Tack teaches in topics related to aquatic and soil chemistry, environmen-
tal chemistry, and soil remediation. He was one of the initiators and currently serves as
Coordinator at Ghent University of the Erasmus Mundus Master program International Master
in Environmental Science and Engineering, which is organized jointly by the IHE Delft
Institute for Water Education and the University of Chemistry and Technology Prague. He also
has a teaching assignment at Ghent University Global Campus in Songdo, Republic of Korea and is Guest Professor at China
Jiliang University in Hangzhou, China. He is currently Associate Editor of the Science of the Total Environment and Journal
of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, and Coordinating Editor for Environmental Geochemistry and Health. He has served as
Guest Editor for special issues in Science of the Total Environment, Chemosphere, Applied Geochemistry, and Journal of the
Cleaner Production. He is a member of the International Society of Trace Element Biogeochemistry, the Belgian Society of
Soil Science, and IE-NET, the Flemish Society of Engineers.
Contributors
Yaser A. Almaroai Nanthi S. Bolan
Department of Biology Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER)
Umm Al-Qura University Advanced Technology Centre
Makkah, Saudi Arabia The University of Newcastle
Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
Andon Vasilev Andonov
Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Julian Bosch
Agricultural University Plovdiv Intrapore GmbH
Plovdiv, Bulgaria Essen, Germany
Vasileios Antoniadis Elio Brunetti
Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Intrapore GmbH
Environment Essen, Germany
University of Thessaly
Volos, Greece Jochen Bundschuh
School of Engineering and Surveying
Rabia Amen University of Southern Queensland
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences Queensland, Australia
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
and
Faisalabad, Pakistan
UNESCO—Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the
Paul Bardos 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
r3 Environmental Technology Ltd. University of Southern Queensland
Department Soil Science Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
University of Reading
Reading, United Kingdom Liang Chen
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
and
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
School of Environment and Technology Hong Kong, P.R. China
University of Brighton
Brighton, United Kingdom David O’Connor
School of Environment
Hamna Bashir Tsinghua University
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences Beijing, P.R. China
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Faisalabad, Pakistan Xiaomin Dou
College of Environmental Science and Engineering
Jingzi Beiyuan Beijing Forestry University
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Beijing, P.R. China
Foshan University
Foshan, P.R. China Yinqing Fang
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
Irshad Bibi Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences Beijing, P.R. China
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Faisalabad, Pakistan
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