Table Of ContentSOFTWARE ENGINEERING
MCS-034
For
Master In Computer Applications [MCA]
By
Dinesh Verma
MCA, BCA, ‘A’, ‘O’ Level, SCJP(USA), JP, DAST
CEO, MEWS
Vijay Singhal
M.Tech(Comp. Sc.) Kurukshetra University, Gate, M.Sc.(Electronics)
Sr. Lecturer
Useful For
IGNOU, KSOU (Karnataka), Bihar University (Muzaffarpur), Nalanda
University, Jamia Millia Islamia, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University
(Kota), Uttarakhand Open University, Kurukshetra University, Seva Sadan’s
College of Education (Maharashtra), Lalit Narayan Mithila University,
Andhra University, Pt. Sunderlal Sharma (Open) University (Bilaspur),
Annamalai University, Bangalore University, Bharathiar University,
Bharathidasan University, HP University, Centre for distance and open
learning, Kakatiya University (Andhra Pradesh), KOU (Rajasthan), MPBOU
(MP), MDU (Haryana), Punjab University, Tamilnadu Open University, Sri
Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Andhra Pradesh), Sri Venkateswara
University (Andhra Pradesh), UCSDE (Kerala), University of Jammu,
YCMOU, Rajasthan University, UPRTOU, Kalyani University, Banaras Hindu
University (BHU) and all other Indian Universities.
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Preface
This book is mainly targeted for MCA (New Course), M.Sc.(CS), MIT etc. exam of
Software Engineering for all Open Universities including Indira Gandhi, MJPR
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New Delhi
Contents
Block-1 An Overview of Software Engineering
Chapter-1 Software Engineering and its Models 2-13
Chapter-2 Principles of Software Requirements Analysis 14-39
Chapter-3 Software Design 40-56
Chapter-4 Software Testing 57-74
Block-2 Software Project Management
Chapter-5 Software Project Planning 76-86
Chapter-6 Risk Management and Project Scheduling 87-92
Chapter-7 Software Quality Assurance 93-98
Chapter-8 Software Change Management 99-104
Block-3 Advanced Software Engineering
Chapter-9 Mobile Software Engineering 106-107
Chapter-10 CASE Tools 108-112
Chapter-11 Advance Topics in Software Engineering 113-117
Chapter-12 Other Important Questions 118-171
Question Papers
(1) June-2006 (Solved) 173-188
(2) Dec-2006 (Solved) 189-208
(3) June-2007 (Solved) 209-221
(4) Dec-2007 (Solved) 222-231
(5) June-2008 (Solved) 233-241
(6) Dec-2008 (Solved) 242-244
(7) June-2009 (Solved) 245-247
(8) Dec-2009 (Solved) 248-252
(9) June-2010 (Solved) 253-260
(10) Dec-2010 (Solved) 261-264
(11) June-2011 (Solved) 265-271
(12) Dec-2011 (Solved) 272-280
(13) June-2012 (Solved) 281-285
(14) Dec-2012 (Solved) 286-292
(15) June-2013 293-293
(16) Dec-2013 294-294
(17) June-2014 295-295
(18) Dec-2014 296-296
(19) June-2015 297-297
(20) Dec-2015 298-298
(21) June-2016 299-299
(22) Dec-2016 (Solved) 300-304
(23) June-2017 305-305
(24) Dec-2017 306-306
(25) June-2018 (Solved) 307-315
(26) Dec-2018 316-316
(27) June-2019 317-317
(28) Dec-2019 318-318
(29) June-2020 319-319
Block -1
A O O S
N VERVIEW F OFTWARE
E
NGINEERING
C -1
HAPTER
S E A I
OFTWARE NGINEERING ND TS
M
ODELS
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
Q1. Define the term “Software Engineering” and distinguish it from
Computer Science.
Ans. The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the
development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application
of engineering to software. A branch of knowledge concerned with information
processes, the structures and procedures representing these processes, and
their implementation in information-processing systems.
Computer science sometimes defined as the study of information encompasses
a wide range of deep and fascinating topics. Computer science is a core
scientific discipline with unique intellectual challenges and, at the same time,
an enabling discipline for all of science and engineering. Computer science
serves as a foundation for thinking about and understanding all forms of
computation; it builds insight into analyzing and solving problems of every
imaginable variety; and it develops sophisticated knowledge and skills that will
be in increasing demand in academic, business, and government for the
foreseeable future.
Here software engineering is a subset of computer science, while computer
science incorporates science and engineering both.
THE CMM
Q2. How many process maturity levels are defined by software
engineering institute ? Define them.
Ans. The Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is not a software life cycle model.
Instead, it is a strategy for improving the software process, irrespective of the
actual life cycle model used.
CMM is used to judge the maturity of the software processes of an organization
and to identify the key practices that are required to increase organization and
to identify the key practices that are required to increase the maturity of these
process. The CMM is organized into five maturity levels.
MCS-34 GPH Book 3
MATURITY LEVELS
1. Initial (maturity level 1) : At this, the lowest level, there are essentially no
sound software engineering management practices in place in the organization
instead, everything is done on an adhoc basis.
2. Repeatable (Maturity Level 2) : At this level, policies for managing a
software project and procedures to implement those policies are established.
Planning and managing new projects is bases on experience with similar
projects.
Instead of functioning in crisis mode as in level 1, managers identify problems
as they arise and take immediate corrective action to prevent them from
becoming crisis.
3. Defined (Maturity level 3) : At this level, the standard process for
developing and maintaining software across the organization is documented,
including both software engineering and management process. This standard
process is referred to throughout the CMM as the organization’s standard
software process.
4. Managed (Maturity level 4) : At this level, the organization sets quantitative
quality goals for both software products and processes. Productivity and quality
are measured for important software process activities across all projects as
part of an organizational measurement program. The software process
capability at level 4 organizations can be summarized as “predicable “ because
the process is measured and operates within measurable limits.
5. Optimizing (Maturity level 5) : At this level, the entire organization is
focused on continuous process improvement. The organizations have means
to identify weaknesses and strengthen the process proactively, with the goal
of preventing the occurrence of defects. Data of the effectiveness of the
software process is used to perform cost benefit analysis of new technologies
and proposes changes to the organization’s software process.
PROCESS MODELS
WATERFALL MODEL OR SEQUENTIAL MODEL
Q3. Write short note on waterfall model.
Ans. Most familiar model is the waterfall model, which is given in figure. This
model has five phases; Requirements analysis and specification, design,
implementation and unit testing, integration & system testing, and operation &
maintenance.
1. Requirement analysis and specification phase : The goal of this phase
is to understand the exact requirements of the customer and to document
them properly. This activity is usually executed together with the customer, as
the goal is to document all functions, performance and interfacing requirements
for the software.
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The resultant document is known as Software Requirement Specification (SRS)
document.
Requirement Analysis
& Specification
Design
Implementation &
Unit Testing
Integration & System
Testing
Operation &
Maintenance
Fig : Waterfall model
2. Design phase : The SRS document is produced in the previous phase,
which contains the exact requirements of the customer. The goal of this phase
is to transform the requirement specification into a structure that is suitable
for implementation in some programming language.
3. Implementation and unit testing phase : During this phase, design is
implemented. If the SDD is complete, the implementation or coding phase
proceeds smoothly, because all the information needed by the software engineers
is contained in the SDD.
4. Integration and system testing phase : This is a very important phase.
Effective testing will contribute to the delivery of higher quality software
products, more satisfied users, lower maintenance costs, and more accurate
and reliable results.
5. Operation & maintenance phase : Software maintenance is a task that
every development group has to face, when the software is delivered to the
customer’s site, installed and is operational.
SEQUENTIAL MODEL
Q4. Write in detail about “Sequential Model”.
MCS-34 GPH Book 5
Ans. System/information engineering and modeling : Because software
is always part of a larger system (or business), work begins by establishing
requirement to software.
System/Information
engineering
Analysis Coding Code Test
Software requirements analysis : The requirements gathering process is
intensified and focused specifically on software. To understand the nature of
the program(s) to be built, the software engineer(analyst) must understand
the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior,
performance, and interface.
Design : Software design is actually a multistep process that focuses on four
distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interface
representations, and procedural (algorithmic) detail.
Code Generation : The design must be translated into a machine-readable
form. The code generation step performs this task.
Testing : Once code has been generated, program testing begins.
Support : Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to
the customer (a possible exception is embedded software). Change will occur
because error have been encountered, because the software must be adapted
to accommodate changes.
Among the problems that are sometimes encountered when the linear sequential
model is applied are:
1. Real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes.
2. It is often difficult for the customer to state all requirements explicitly.
3. The customer must have patience. A working version of the program(s)
will not be available until late in the project time –span.
PROTOTYPING MODEL
Q5. Explain prototyping model. Give areas of problem related to it.
Ans. A disadvantage of waterfall model is that the working software is not
available until late in the process, thus delaying the discovery of serious error.
An alternative to this is to first develop a working prototype of the software
instead of developing the actual software. The working prototype is developed
as per current available requirements.
The developers use this prototype to refine the requirements and prepare the
final specification document.
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The developers should develop prototype as early as possible to speed up the
software development process.
After the finalization of software requirement and specification (SRS)
document, the prototype is discarded and actual system is then development
using the waterfall approach. Thus, it is used as an input to waterfall model
and produces maintainable and good quality software.
Prototyping can be problematic for the following reasons:
1. The customer sees what appears to be working version of the software,
unaware that the prototyping is held together “with chewing gum and baling
wire.” Unaware that in the rush to get it working no one has considered over
all software quality or long-term maintainability.
2. The developer often makes implementation compromises in order to get a
prototype working quickly. An inappropriate operating system or programming
language may be used simply because it is available and known; an inefficient
algorithm may be implemented simply to demonstrate capability.
EVOLUTIONARY MODEL
Q6. Write short note on evolutionary model.
Ans. There is growing recognition that software, like all complex system,
evolves over a period of time. Business and product requirements often change
as development proceeds, making a straight path to an end product unrealistic;
tight market deadlines make completion or a comprehensive software product
impossible, but a limited version must be introduced to meet competitive or
business pressure.
THE INCREMENTAL MODEL
Q7. Write short note on incremental model.
Ans. The incremental model combines elements of the liner sequential model
(applied repetitively) with the iterative philosophy of prototyping. Referring to
figure, the incremental model applies linear sequences in a staggered fashion
as calendar time progresses. Each linear sequence produces a deliverable
“increment” of the software.
