Table Of ContentSOCIAL SKINS OF THE HEAD
Social Skins of the Head
Body Beliefs and Ritual in Ancient Mesoamerica
and the Andes
Edited by
Vera Tiesler and María Cecilia Lozada
University of New Mexico Press · Albuquerque
© 2018 by the University of New Mexico Press
All rights reserved. Published 2018
Printed in the United States of America
Names: Lozada, Maria Cecilia, editor. | Tiesler, Vera, editor.
Title: Social skins of the head: body beliefs and ritual in ancient Mesoamerica and the Andes / edited by Vera
Tiesler and Maria Cecilia Lozada.
Description: Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Identifiers: LCCN 2017053884 (print) | LCCN 2018030599 (e-book) | ISBN 9780826359643 (e-book) | ISBN
9780826359636 | ISBN 9780826359636¬(printed case; alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Indians—Craniology. | Indians—Anthropometry.
Classification: LCC E59.C73 (e-book) | LCC E59.C73 S63 2018 (print) | DDC 909/.0491411—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017053884
The Institute for Field Research and UC MEXUS generously provided funding to support publication of this
book.
Cover photograph courtesy Andrea Vazquez de Arthur
To the heads of the future,
our children
Fabio Cucina Tiesler
and
Alicia Haydon
Contents
•
List of Illustrations ix
Preface xiii
Vera Tiesler and María Cecilia Lozada
Chapter One. Introducing the Social Skins of the Head in Ancient Mesoamerica and the Andes 1
Vera Tiesler and María Cecilia Lozada
PART ONE MESOAMERICA
Chapter Two. What Was Being Sealed?: Cranial Modification and Ritual Binding among the Maya 19
William N. Duncan and Gabrielle Vail
Chapter Three. Head Shapes and Group Identity on the Fringes of the Maya Lowlands 37
Vera Tiesler and Alfonso Lacadena
Chapter Four. Head Shaping and Tooth Modification among the
Classic Maya of the Usumacinta River Kingdoms 59
Andrew K. Scherer
Chapter Five. Cultural Modification of the Head: The Case of Teopancazco in Teotihuacan 81
Luis Adrián Alvarado- Viñas and Linda R. Manzanilla
Chapter Six. Face Painting among the Classic Maya Elites: An Iconographic Study 93
María Luisa Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual, Cristina Vidal Lorenzo,
and Patricia Horcajada Campos
vii
viii Contents
Chapter Seven. The Importance of Visage, Facial Treatment, and Idiosyncratic Traits in Maya
Royal Portraiture during the Reign of K’inich Janaab’ Pakal of Palenque, 615–683 CE 109
Laura Filloy Nadal
Chapter Eight. The Representation of Hair in the Art of Chichén Itzá 129
Virginia E. Miller
Chapter Nine. Effigies of Death: Representation, Use, and Reuse of
Human Skulls at the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan 141
Ximena Chávez Balderas
Chapter Ten. Emic Perspectives on Cultural Practices Pertaining to the Head in
Mesoamerica: A Commentary and Discussion of the Chapters in Part One 161
Gabrielle Vail
Part Two Andes
Chapter Eleven. Afterlives of the Decapitated in Ancient Peru 175
John W. Verano
Chapter Twelve. Head Processing in the La Ramada Tradition of Southern Peru 187
María Cecilia Lozada, Alanna Warner- Smith, Rex C. Haydon, Hans Barnard,
Augusto Cardona Rosas, and Raphael Greenberg
Chapter Thirteen. From Wawa to “Trophy Head”: Meaning, Representation, and
Bioarchaeology of Human Heads from Ancient Tiwanaku 205
Deborah E. Blom and Nicole C. Couture
Chapter Fourteen. Cranial Modification in the Central Andes: Person, Language, Political Economy 223
Bruce Mannheim, Allison R. Davis, and Matthew C. Velasco
Chapter Fifteen. Violence, Power, and Head Extraction in the Kallawaya Region, Bolivia 235
Sara K. Becker and Sonia Alconini
Chapter Sixteen. Semiotic Portraits: Expressions of Communal Identity in Wari Faceneck Vessels 253
Andrea Vazquez de Arthur
Chapter Seventeen. Using Their Heads: The Lives of Crania in the Andes 269
Christine A. Hastorf
Contributors 275
Index 279
Illustrations
•
Figures Figure 3.3. Different head shapes documented across the
Maya area during the Classic period............41
Figure I.1. Participants of the Second Mesoamerican Figure 3.4. Distribution of Classic- period Maya head
Symposium of Bioarchaeology................xiv shapes, as documented in the skeletal records
Figure 1.1. General map of the two cultural spheres south of the Yucatecan plains................. 43
treated in this volume .........................3 Figure 3.5. Skull profiles of (a) Burial 5(14)- IV from
Figure 1.2. (a) A male skull with perforated sides from the Cross Group of Palenque, Mexico; (b)
skullrack exposure, Sacred Cenote, Chichén reclined burial profile of Burial 4- 8 of Seibal,
Itzá; and (b) a tabular erect neurocranium Guatemala; (c) Burial 27 of Acul/Nebaj,
with perforated sides from skullrack Guatemala; and (d) Burial 6(3) of Toniná,
exposure, Sacred Cenote, Chichén Itzá.......... 8 Mexico.................................... 44
Figure 1.3. Engraving of a Spaniard in Peru ............... 9 Figure 3.6. (a) Facial features of Lady Tz’ak B’u Ahaw
Figure 2.1. Creation of humans from maize seeds in the from the Palace Tablet, Palenque, Chiapas;
Madrid Codex ............................. 24 and (b) skull profile of the female dignitary
Figure 2.2. Examples of wooden deity effigies being buried in Temple XIII- sub ................... 47
wrapped in the Madrid Codex................ 26 Figure 3.7. Paramounts of Tzeltalan- speaking Toniná
Figure 2.3. (a) Representation of the ik’ glyph at the locals, showing high, shortened head silhouettes 47
ear of the Classic- period wind god; (b) the Figure 3.8. Foreign captives from Palenque depicted
ik’ glyph on a jade pectoral from Structure at Toniná, showing sunken foreheads and
10L- 11, Copán; and (c) an image of breath backward- oriented, elongated skullcaps........ 48
emerging from the maize god’s forehead ....... 27 Figure 3.9. Schemes of Classic-period political networks
Figure 2.4. An Early Classic jade figure in which the in the central and southern Maya lowlands..... 50
maize god is portrayed as the foliated Figure 3.10. Supernatural scene in which Itzam Kokaaj
jester god.................................. 29 faces Hun Chwen or Hun Batz’. ................52
Figure 3.1. Full- bodied infant figurine from Chalchuapa, Figure 4.1. Map of the Maya area showing detail of the
El Salvador, in (a) back and (b) front view, Usumacinta River region ....................60
showing two headboards strapped to the Figure 4.2. Heads in Classic Maya writing................ 63
forehead; and (c) figurine of an elderly female Figure 4.3. Tabular oblique cranial modification along
caretaker swaddling the forehead of an infant the Usumacinta River ....................... 65
strapped in a cradleboard.................... 39 Figure 4.4. Supernatural being crafting a human head
Figure 3.2. Three- dimensional facial reconstructions of from an unprovenienced vessel ...............66
(a) a Maya female with an elongated, reclined, Figure 4.5. Projecting central tooth of Classic Maya
and artificially narrowed neurocranium; and supernaturals: (a) sun god stucco facade from
(b) a child from Chichén Itzá with a tabular El Diablo, Zotz; (b) unprovenienced GI mask,
erect head shape from cradling during likely from Río Azul; (c) Chahk architectural
infancy....................................40 ornament from Copán; and (d) death- god
ix
