Social order mental disorder: Anglo-American psychiatry in historical perspective

761 Pages·1989·3.3 MB·English

by  Andrew T. Scull

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Page ii
MEDICINE AND SOCIETY
Andrew Scull, Editor
This series examines the development of medical knowledge and
psychiatric practice from historical and sociological perspectives.
The books contribute to a scholarly and critical reflection on the
nature and role of medicine and psychiatry in modern societies.
1. Robert Castel,
The Regulation of Madness:
Origins of Incarceration in France.
Translated by W. D. Halls.
2. John R. Sutton,
Stubborn Children:
Controlling Delinquency in the United States,
16401981.
3. Andrew Scull,
Social Order/Mental Disorder:
Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective
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Social Order / Mental Disorder
Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective
Andrew Scull
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles
Page iv
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
© 1989 by
The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Scull, Andrew T.
Social order/mental disorder.
(Medicine and society; 3)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. PsychiatryHistory. 2. Social psychiatry.
I. Title.II. Series: Medicine and society; v. 3.
RC438.S395 1989 616.89'009 88-17090
ISBN 0-520-06406-2 (alk. paper)
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page v
For Anna and Andrew Edward
Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
List of Illustrations xi
Chapter One: Reflections on the Historical Sociology of 1
Psychiatry
Chapter Two: Humanitarianism or Control? Some 31
Observations on the Historiography of Anglo-American
Psychiatry
Chapter Three: The Domestication of Madness 54
Chapter Four: Moral Treatment Reconsidered 80
Chapter Five: The Discovery of the Asylum Revisited: 95
Lunacy Reform in the New American Republic
Chapter Six: From Madness to Mental Illness: Medical 118
Men as Moral Entrepreneurs
Chapter Seven: John Conolly: A Victorian Psychiatric 162
Career
Chapter Eight: Moral Architecture: The Victorian Lunatic 213
Asylum
Page viii
Chapter Nine: Was Insanity Increasing? 239
Chapter Ten: Progressive Dreams, Progressive 250
Nightmares: Social Control in Twentieth-Century America
Chapter Eleven: Dazeland 267
Chapter Twelve: The Theory and Practice of Civil 280
Commitment
Chapter Thirteen: The Asylum as Community or the 300
Community as Asylum: Paradoxes and Contradictions of
Mental Health Care
Bibliography 331
Index 351
Page ix
Acknowledgments
I feel fortunate that we no longer imprison debtors, for I have acquired
far more obligations in producing these essays than I can hope to
repay. A number of these are of the monetary sort: at various times in
the past decade and a half, my work has been supported by the
American Council of Learned Societies, the John Simon Guggenheim
Memorial Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, the American
Philosophical Society, the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical
Studies at Princeton University, and the Faculty Senate at the
University of California at San Diego. Such funding has been
particularly crucial during the past ten years, when my residence in
southern California has placed me at a considerable distance from the
archives I regularly need to consult for my research. I am exceedingly
grateful to all these institutions for their help, and hope they view this
book as some (modest) recompense for their generosity.
My intellectual and personal debts are still more numerous, so much
so that it is perhaps invidious to mention particular individuals. Still, I
cannot entirely forebear. William Bynum, Roy Porter, and the staff of
the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine have provided me
with a home away from home, stimulating intellectual company, and
access to the unrivaled riches of their library during my insufficiently
frequent stays in London. Lawrence Stone was enormously helpful
and supportive during my year at the Center he directs,
notwithstanding his strong intellectual disagreements with some of my
work; and Charles Rosenberg, Gerald Grob, and David Rothman have
been similarly gracious over the years. Finally, having elected to call
myself a sociologist, I have been lucky enough, over the past ten
years, to find myself a member of a department that takes history
seriously, one that has not

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held my burrowing around in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
against me.
This volume is dedicated to my children, Anna and Andrew Edward,
who have provided me with so much happiness and joy (not to
mention distractions) over the years I have wrestled with a subject
matter calculated to prompt the very opposite emotions.