Social Identity and Ornamentation in the Ancestral Puebloan Southwest: Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV

305 Pages·2016·1.23 MB·English

University of Colorado, Boulder
CU Scholar
Anthropology Graduate Theses & Dissertations Anthropology
Spring 4-1-2010
Social Identity and Ornamentation in the Ancestral
Puebloan Southwest: Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV
Zonna Barnes
University of Colorado at Boulder, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at:https://scholar.colorado.edu/anth_gradetds
Part of theArchaeological Anthropology Commons, and theSocial and Cultural Anthropology
Commons
Recommended Citation
Barnes, Zonna, "Social Identity and Ornamentation in the Ancestral Puebloan Southwest: Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV" (2010).
Anthropology Graduate Theses & Dissertations. 4.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/anth_gradetds/4
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Social Identity and Ornamentation in the Ancestral Puebloan Southwest:
Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV
by
Zonna Barnes
B.A., Fort Lewis College, 2003

A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Graduate School of the
University of Colorado in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Arts
Department of Anthropology
2010
This thesis entitled:
Social Identity and Ornamentation in the Ancestral Puebloan Southwest:
Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV
written by Zonna Barnes
has been approved for the Department of Anthropology

(Catherine M. Cameron, committee chair)

(Stephen H. Lekson)

Date

The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we
Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards
Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline.
Barnes, Zonna (MA, Anthropology)
Social Identity and Ornamentation in the Ancestral Puebloan Southwest:
Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV
Thesis directed by Professor Catherine M. Cameron
In the northern Southwest, items of personal adornment were an important
component of ceremonial costuming and everyday dress that can provide a wealth of
information about the past. People use items of adornment to communicate information
about themselves in a non-verbal manner and as a result, these items of adornment are
informative of social identity, including age, gender, occupation, social status, ethnicity,
social group membership, or ceremonial affiliation. In this thesis, I explore the
materialization of social identity as it is communicated or symbolized through personal
adornment by examining archaeological evidence from 68 sites in the Ancestral Puebloan
Southwest that date between 1200 B.C and 1400 A.D. Multiple lines of evidence are used
(ornaments, mortuary data, ethnographic data, and representational media) to attempt to
understand and interpret personal adornment practices in the past, and assess how
ornaments intersect with these social aspects. The results of this study demonstrate
differences in the styles and types of ornaments in relation to age, gender, status and
group membership.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my gratitude to several people that were integral in the
completion of this thesis. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Cathy Cameron for her
constant support, patience, understanding and guidance. I would also like to thank my
committee members, Steve Lekson and Tammy Stone for their comments and willingness
to participate in this endeavor.
The research conducted for this thesis at the American Museum of Natural
History and the Peabody Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology was funded by grants
from the Walker Van Riper grant awarded by the CU Museum of Natural History and the
Alice Hamilton Scholarship Fund from the Colorado Historical Society.
I would like to thank Susan Haskell at the Peabody Museum of Anthropology and
Ethnology and Anibal Rodriguez at the American Museum of Natural History for helping
me with my research and allowing me access to the collections.
Finally, without the support and encouragement of my family and friends this
thesis would not be possible. I am indebted to you all for your unconditional support and
it means more to me than words can say.
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………….……..……………………….1
The Data Set……………………………………………………………………………….4
Identity…………………………………………………………...………………………..6
Sources of Interpretation………………………………………….……………………...10
Ornamentation……………………………………………….……………………….10
Mortuary Data………………………………………………………………………..12
Imagery……………………………...……………………………………………….13
Ethnography………………………………………………………………………….15
Organization of Thesis….………………………………………………………………..16

Chapter 2: Context and Background………………………………………………….19
Culture History of the Study Area…………………………………………………….....19
Basketmaker II……………………………………………………………………….20
Basketmaker III………………………………………………………………………26
Pueblo I………………………………………………………………………………28
Pueblo II……………………………………………………………………………...30
Pueblo III – A.D. 1150-1300………………………………………………………...33
Pueblo IV – 1300-1540………………………………………………………………36
Overview of Ornament Research in the Ancestral Puebloan Southwest...........................38
Raw Materials and Ornament Manufacture………………………………………….39
Distribution and Trade……………………………………………………………….42
Ornament Styles and Types………………………………………………………….46
Ornament Use………………………………………………………………………..48
Ornaments and Dress………………………………………………………………...51

Chapter 3: Social Identity and Adornment…………………………………………...53
Identity……………………………………………………………………………….53
Identity and Performance..…………………………………………………………...55
Identity and Inscription…..…………………………………………………………..57
Embodiment……..………………………………………………………………...…60
Dress and Identity …………………………………..……………………………….61
Adornment and Aesthetics ………………………………..…………………………63
A Theoretical Approach to Personal Adornment……………………………………...…64
Adornment and Identity in the Southwest……………………………………………….67
Group Membership, Social Role, Status, Sex/Gender and Age and Artifacts of
Personal Adornment………………………………………………………………….69
Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..94

Chapter 4: Analytical Methods………………………………………………….…….96
Burial Data…………………………………………………………………………...…102
Site Data………………………………………………………………………...………102
Ornament Analysis Data……………………………………………………………..…102
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Material Types……………………………………………………………………...108
Manufacture………………………………………………………………………...111
Visual Media and Ethnographic Data ……………………………………………….....113
Limitations of the Data Set…………………………………………………………..…121
Mortuary Data: Interpretative Difficulties and Interpretive Potential……………...122
Ornament Analysis: Interpretive Difficulties……………………………………….131
Ethnographic Analysis: Interpretive Difficulties …………………………………..133

Chapter 5: Sources for Interpretation of Personal Adornment and Identity:
Iconography and Ethnography…………………………………………………….....135
Imagery and Adornment………………………………………………………...……135
Rock Art…………………………………………………………………………….136
Kiva Murals………………………………………………………………………...139
Comparison of the Murals: Implications for Ornaments and Identity……………...159
Other Media………………………………………………………..……………….160
Adornment and Ethnography…………………………………………………………161

Chapter 6: Results and Interpretations.......................................................................172
The Burial Population ……………………………………………………………….…172
Ornaments in the Northern Southwest………………………………………………….175
Ornaments and Status…………………………………………………………………..203
Temporal Distribution of Ornaments…………………………………………………...205
Group Membership……………………………………………………………………..222
Summary…………………………………………………….………………………….229

Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Research ………………………………….......230
Adornment and Adults………………………………………………………………….231
Adornment and Subadults……………………………………………………………....234
Dress and Adornment: Future Research………………………………………………..237
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..………….239

References Cited.............................................................................................................240

Appendix A. Ornament and Burial Data……………………………………………265

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List of Tables

Table 2.1. Pecos Classification System Phases (adapted from Lipe 2003:Table 1.1)…...20
Table 2.2. Jernigan’s (1978) Bead Types by Period……………………………………..47
Table 2.3. Jernigan’s (1978) Pendant Types by Period………………………………….47
Table 2.4. Jernigan’s (1978) Other Ornament Types by Period…………………………48

Table 5.1. Kuaua Layer H-31…………………………………………………………..144
Table 5.2. Kuaua Layer G-26…………………………………………………………..145
Table 5.3. Kuaua - Other Layers…………………………….…………………….……146
Table 5.4. Pottery Mound Murals………………………………………………………150
Table 5.5. Awatovi and Kawaika-a……………………………………………………..157

Table 6.1: Distribution of Age and Sex for Single and Multiple Burials with Ornaments
…………………………………………………………………………………………..173
Table 6.2. Ornament Material Types…………………………………...………………178
Table 6.3. Distribution of Ornament Types by Age and Sex…………………………...179
Table 6.4. Bead Styles………………………………………………………………….180
Table 6.5. Pendant Styles…………………………………………………...…………..181
Table 6.6. Distribution of hair ornaments and combs…………………………………..183
Table 6.7. Distribution of rings…………………………………………………………184
Table 6.8. Distribution of buttons…………………………………………...………….184
Table 6.9. Distribution of shell bilobed beads………………………………………….185
Table 6.10. Distribution of stone bilobed beads…………………………….………….186
Table 6.11. Flat Stone Disc Beads……………………………………………………...187
Table 6.12. Shell Disc Beads………………………………………………………...…188
Table 6.13. Distribution of Glycymeris shell bracelets…………………………………189
Table 6.14. Glycymeris Shell Pendants……………………………………….………..191
Table 6.15. Distribution of shaped shell pendants………………………………..…….192
Table 6.16. Distribution of shell tinklers……………………………………………….194
Table 6.17. Distribution of Olivella shell beads……………………………………......195
Table 6.18. Ornament locations on the body…………………….……………………..198
Table 6.19. Distribution of Olivella shell bead bracelets worn on left wrist……..…….201
Table 6.20. Distribution of Olivella shell bead bracelets worn on right wrist………….202
Table 6.21. Distribution of earrings…………………………………………………….202
Table 6.22. Earrings located near the ear……………………………………………….203
Table 6.23. Number of Ornaments by Gender and Age………………………………..204
Table 6.24. Ornament Types by Time period………………………..…………………207
Table 6.25. Distribution of Ornaments – Basketmaker II………………………………209
Table 6.26. Distribution of Basketmaker II Ornaments by Region………………….....210
Table 6.27. Distribution of Basketmaker III Ornaments……………………………….211
Table 6.28. Distribution of Basketmaker III Ornaments by Region…………………...211
Table 6.29. Distribution of Ornament Types…………………………………………...212
Table 6.30. Distribution of Ornaments – Pueblo II…………….………………………214
Table 6.31 Distribution of Ornament Types – Pueblo III………….…………………...215
Table 6.32. Distribution of Ornaments – Pueblo IV……………………………………216
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Table 6.33. Distribution of Pueblo IV Ornaments by Region…………………………217
Table 6.34. Frog Effigy Ornaments……………………………………………………224
Table 6.35. Distribution of Ornaments at Pueblo Bonito……………………………...226
Table 6.36. Distribution of Ornaments at Aztec Ruin…………………..……………..226
Table 6.37. Distribution of Ornaments at Hawikku…………………………..………..227
Table 6.38. Distribution of Perforated Glycymeris shell pendants…………………….228

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List of Figures

1.1 Map of the Study Area…………………………………………………………...5
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