Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation (Marine Biology)

711 Pages·2010·27.31 MB·English

by  Jeffrey C. Carrier

SHARKS AND
THEIR RELATIVES II
BIODIVERSITY,
ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY,
AND CONSERVATION
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
CRC
Marine Biology
SERIES
The late Peter L. Lutz, Founding Editor
David H. Evans, Series Editor
PUBLISHED TITLES
Biology of Marine Birds
E.A. Schreiber and Joanna Burger
Biology of the Spotted Seatrout
Stephen A. Bortone
The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume II
Peter L. Lutz, John A. Musick, and Jeanette Wyneken
Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick,
and Michael R. Heithaus
Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide
for the Western Central North Atlantic
William Richards
The Physiology of Fishes, Third Edition
David H. Evans
Biology of the Southern Ocean, Second Edition
George A. Knox
Biology of the Three-Spined Stickleback
Sara Östlund-Nilsson, Ian Mayer, and Felicity Anne
Huntingford
Biology and Management of the World Tarpon
and Bonefish Fisheries
Jerald S. Ault
Methods in Reproductive Aquaculture: Marine and
Freshwater Species
Elsa Cabrita, Vanesa Robles, and Paz Herráez
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
SHARKS AND
THEIR RELATIVES II
BIODIVERSITY,
ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY,
AND CONSERVATION
EDITED BY
JEFFREY C. CARRIER
JOHN A. MUSICK
MICHAEL R. HEITHAUS
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Front cover: A grey nurse shark (also known as sand tiger or spotted ragged tooth shark) swims through a school of fish in
Fish Rock Cave, South West Rocks, off New South Wales, Australia. Photo copyright Justin Gilligan. Used with permis-
sion. All rights reserved.
Back cover: A school of southern stingrays flies above the sand flats off Grand Cayman Island, BWI. Photo copyright Mat-
thew D. Potenski. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Sharks and their relatives II : biodiversity, adaptive physiology, and conservation / editors Jeffrey C.
Carrier, John A. Musick, and Michael R. Heithaus. -- 1st ed.
p. cm. -- (Marine biology series ; 11)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-8047-6 (alk. paper)
1. Chondrichthyes--Physiology. 2. Chondrichthyes--Conservation. 3. Sharks--Physiology. 4.
Sharks--Conservation. 5. Animal diversity. I. Carrier, Jeffrey C. II. Musick, John A. III. Heithaus,
Michael R. IV. Biology of sharks and their relatives.
QL638.6.B56 2010
597.3--dc22 2009044922
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© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
To our students, past, present, and future, whose work has inspired our curiosity,
challenged us to continue to grow intellectually, and kept us forever young.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................................vii
The Editors ......................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ....................................................................................................................................xi
Section I Chondrichthyan Biodiversity: Ecosystems and
Distribution of Fauna
1. Epipelagic Oceanic Elasmobranchs ....................................................................................3
John D. Stevens
2. Deepwater Chondrichthyans .............................................................................................37
Peter M. Kyne and Colin A. Simpfendorfer
3. Chondrichthyans of High Latitude Seas .......................................................................115
David A. Ebert and Megan V. Winton
4. Elasmobranchs of Tropical Marine Ecosystems ...........................................................159
William T. White and Emma Sommerville
5. Biology of the South American Potamotrygonid Stingrays ......................................241
Ricardo S. Rosa, Patricia Charvet-Almeida, and Carla Christie Diban Quijada
6. Life History Strategies of Batoids ...................................................................................283
Michael G. Frisk
Section II Adaptive Physiology
7. Ontogenetic Shifts in Movements and Habitat Use ....................................................319
R. Dean Grubbs
8. Tracking and Analysis Techniques for Understanding Free-Ranging Shark
Movements and Behavior .................................................................................................351
David W. Sims
9. Sensory Adaptations to the Environment: Electroreceptors as a Case Study ........393
Stephen M. Kajiura, Anthony D. Cornett, and Kara E. Yopak
10. Molecular Insights into Elasmobranch Reproductive Behavior for
Conservation and Management ......................................................................................435
David S. Portnoy
vii
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
11. Physiological Responses to Stress in Sharks ................................................................459
Gregory Skomal and Diego Bernal
12. Pollutant Exposure and Effects in Sharks and Their Relatives ................................491
James Gelsleichter and Christina J. Walker
Section III Conservation
13. Factors Contributing to Shark Attacks on Humans: A Volusia County,
Florida, Case Study ............................................................................................................541
George H. Burgess, Robert H. Buch, Felipe Carvalho, Brittany A. Garner, and
Christina J. Walker
14. Shark Control: Methods, Efficacy, and Ecological Impact .........................................567
Sheldon F.J. Dudley and Geremy Cliff
15. DNA Forensic Applications in Shark Management and Conservation ..................593
Mahmood S. Shivji
16. Unraveling the Ecological Importance of Elasmobranchs .........................................611
Michael R. Heithaus, Alejandro Frid, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Boris Worm, and Aaron J. Wirsing
17. Life Histories, Population Dynamics, and Extinction Risks in
Chondrichthyans ................................................................................................................639
Nicholas K. Dulvy and Robyn E. Forrest
Index .............................................................................................................................................681
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Preface
The publication of The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives in 2004 provided a comprehen-
sive review of research spanning the long interval since the publication of Perry Gilbert’s
classic works, Sharks and Survival and Sharks, Skates, and Rays. We were satisfied with our
range of coverage and with the expertise provided by the authors who contributed to this
work. Yet we realized that the volume would necessarily be incomplete because of the
breadth of new research being undertaken, the rapid advances in technology that seemed
to be opening new avenues for investigation, and the emergence of new investigators who
were beginning to explore issues of biodiversity and distribution, physiology, and ecology
in ways that have eluded more traditional studies.
To address subject areas and subdisciplines where our coverage was absent or super-
ficial in volume one, we have assembled in the current volume a collection of works
that reveal patterns of biodiversity, the physiological attributes that contribute to elas-
mobranchs’ successful exploitation of oceanic and freshwater realms, and the unique
issues associated with the interaction between elasmobranchs and humans, all of this
with overarching attention to issues of conservation. We begin with chapters examining
biodiversity. We have chosen to approach this discussion by presenting elasmobranchs
as inhabitants of the range of zoogeographic provinces, realizing that significant overlap
may occur for more pelagic species. This realization was reflected in the dialogue that
occurred during preparation of the book between our chapter authors, and the recogni-
tion that many species simply cannot be confined to a specific habitat or range of habitats.
We then continue by examining some of the unique physiological adaptations that allow
these animals to exploit the range of habitats where they are found, from unique sensory
modalities to compensatory mechanisms for physiological and environmental stress. Our
concluding section presents some of the challenges faced by members of these groups.
We have asked our authors to consider human interactions and anthropogenic effects
on worldwide populations and the potential extinction risks posed from survival under
increasing threats from changes in habitat, changes in water chemistry, and increasing
commercial exploitation. Conservation of species under threat remains a theme through-
out the book.
Our authors represent an international group of investigators including established
scientists whose work has been widely published and respected, and emerging younger
scientists who have exploited recent advances in technology to ask and answer new ques-
tions as well as offering new insights and interpretations to enduring problems in the
fields of ecology and physiology. We have asked them to be speculative and challenging,
and we have asked them to predict future areas for investigation in hopes that their work
will both inspire and provoke additional studies of these fascinating animals.
ix
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC