Shale Shaker and Drilling Fluids Systems:: Techniques and Technology for Improving Solids Control Management

352 Pages·1999·13.156 MB·English

by  American Assoc. of Drilling Engineers

SHALE
SHTSeoclihdnsi qAues and CKoTnetrcohln ology Efor MainmapgreoRvminegnt S
and DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS
Gulf Professional Publishing
an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann
S H A LE
SHSolids ACKontrol EManageRment S
and DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS
American Association of Drilling Engineers
Shale Shakers and Drilling Fluid Systems
Copyright © 1999 by Butterworth-Heinemann. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book,
or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without
permission of the publisher.
Originally published by Gulf Publishing Company,
Houston, TX.
10 9 8 7 6 5 43
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shale shakers and drilling fluid systems.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-88415-948-5 (acid-free)
1. Shale shakers. 2. Drilling muds. I. Gulf Publishing Company.
TN871.27.S53 1999
622'.3381— dc21 99-13067
CIP
Printed in the United States of America.
Printed on acid-free paper («>).
Shale Shakers
and
Drilling Fluid Systems
The following members of the Joint Industry Shaker Technology Committee, individually and collectively,
have made contributions to this book:
James Andrews Robert Lee Robert Murphy
C. S. Adkins, Jr Albert Lew Carter Ness
Jason Bradley Walter Liljestrand John Oeffner
Bill Cagle Bob Line Bob Palmer
Tom Carter Bill Love Nace Peard
Roger DeSpain Charles Marshall Elvis Rich
Bob DeWolfe Steve Matlock Leon Robinson
Robert Dugal Bob McKenzie Tim Sneider
Matt Frankl James Merrill Ken Seyffert
Charles Grichar Mark Morgan Brad Smolen
Jerry Hasten Keith Morton Wiley Steen
Ben Hiltl Mike Montgomery Grant Young
Michael Kargl Ron Morrison
Gordon Lawson Bernard Murphy
DISCLAIMER
For the purposes of this disclaimer, "committee" is defined as the committee of indus-
trial experts sponsored by the American Association of Drilling Engineers who have
individually and jointly written and edited the text material. The text material contained
herein is defined, for the purposes of this disclaimer, as the "work."
The committee makes no warranties, express, implied, or statutory, with respect to the
work, including, without limitation, any warranties of merchantability, or fitness for a
particular purpose; and/or any warranties of the safety or results of the recommenda-
tions contained herein.
The committee does not guarantee results or safety. All interpretations used to create
the work, and all recommendations based upon such interpretations, are opinions of a
group of experts assembled to discuss the inferences from measurements and empirical
relationships, and on assumptions, which inferences and assumptions are neither infal-
lible nor necessarily the opinion of all of the individual members of the committee, and
competent specialist may differ. In addition, such interpretations, recommendations, and
descriptions may involve the opinion and judgment of the user of this technology. Any-
one using this information has full responsibility for all actions, interpretations, recom-
mendations, and descriptions based upon this work. The committee cannot and does
not warrant the accuracy, correctness, or completeness of any action, interpretation,
recommendation, or description. Under NO circumstance should any action, interpreta-
tion, recommendation, or description be relied upon as the basis for any drilling, comple-
tion, well-site activity, production, or any financial decision, or any procedure involving
any risk to the safety of any drilling venture, drilling rig, or drilling crews, or any other
individual. The user of this technology has full, and complete responsibility for all deci-
sions concerning any procedure or information resulting from application of technology
described in the work. Any person, company, or other entity using the technology con-
tained in the work agrees that the committee shall have no liability to the user of this
technology or to any third party for any ordinary, special, or consequential damages or
losses which may arise directly, or indirectly, by reason of using the information con-
tained in the work. Users of this technology shall protect, indemnify, hold harmless, and
defend committee from any loss, cost, damage, or expense, including attorneysi fees,
arising from any claim asserted against committee that is in any way associated with
the matters set forth in this disclaimer.
In summary, the technology described in this work is the consensus of a group of experts,
but the application of this technology must be done in a professional manner that does not
risk safety of personnel or equipment. Suggestions made in this work do not relieve the
user from the ultimate responsibility of applying this information in a safe manner.
Contents
Acknowledgments, xi
Preface, xiii
P A RT O NE
Historical Perspective
The Evolution of Solids Separation Devices 6
Index to Archival Composite Catalog Pages 11
P A RT T WO
Shale Shakers
C H A P T ER O NE
Introduction
87
Why Control Drilled Solids? 85 • Filter Cakes 87 • Plastic Viscosity 88 • Wear 88
Carrying Capacity 88 • Drilling Fluid Costs 89 • Waste Management 90
C H A P T ER T WO
The Role of Shale Shakers
91
How a Shale Shaker Screens Fluid 92 • Shaker Description 93
Shale Shaker Limits 94 • Shaker Development Summary 96
vii
C H A P T ER T H R EE
Shale Shaker Design
97
Shapes of Motion 97 • Vibrating Systems 102 • Deck Design 103
"G"-Factor 103 • Power Systems 105
C H A P T ER FOUR
Shaker Applications
1O9
Selection of Shale Shakers 109 • Selection of Shaker Screens 109
Cascade Systems 111 • Dryer Shakers 113 •
Non-Oilfield Drilling Uses of Shale Shakers 114
C H A P T ER F I VE
Shaker User's Guide
115
Installation 115 • Operation 116 • Maintenance 116
General Guidelines 117* Comparison and Analysis of
Shale Shaker Performance 117* Conclusions 119
C H A P T ER S IX
Shale Shaker Screens
120
Common Screen Cloth Weaves 120
P A RT T H R EE
Solids Control Management
C H A P T ER S E V EN
Solids Control Equipment
139
Suction and Testing Section 139 • Additions Section 140 • Removal Section 141
Piping and Equipment Arrangement 141 • Surface Tanks 142 • Gumbo
Removal 143 • Sand Traps 143 • Degassers 143 • Hydrocyclones 143
Mud Cleaners 154 • Centrifuges 155 • Dewatering Unit 162
Removal Section Arrangement 162
viii
C H A P T ER E I G HT
Dilution
164
Introduction 164 • Effect of Drilled Solids Reaching
the Surface 165 • Optimum Removal Efficiencies 167
Determining Removal Efficiencies 167
C H A P T ER NINE
Cut Points
170
C H A P T ER T EN
Calculating Drilled Solids Concentrations
173
Procedure for Determining Accurate, Low-Gravity Solids 173
Calculation of Barite Discard 176 • Calculating Solids
Discard as Whole Drilling Fluid 177
C H A P T ER E L E V EN
Centrifugal Pumps
178
Commonly Used Oil Field Pumps 178 • The Centrifugal Pump 179
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curves 184 • Head Losses
Through Pipe 187 • Pumping Viscous Liquids 194 • Anatomy of
Centrifugal Pumps 196 • Vibration 197 • Summary 198
C H A P T ER T W E L VE
Electric Motors
2O1
Voltage 201 • Temperature Considerations 202 • Motor Installation
and Troubleshooting 202 • Electric Motor Standards 204
Enclosure and Frame Desginations 204 • Hazardous Locations 210
Specific Motor Applications 213
C H A P T ER T H I R T E EN
Solids Dewatering
216
Introduction 216 • Procedure 216 • Polymer Technology 218
Coagulation 219 • Flocculation 220 • Emulsion Polymers 220
Coagulation Concepts and Mechanisms 223
ix