Table Of ContentSecuring Safe Water Supplies
Comparison of Applicable
Technologies
Erik Voigt
Henry Jaeger
Dietrich Knorr
EFFoST Critical Reviews 1
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations...................................................v
List of Figures........................................................vii
List of Tables..........................................................ix
Chapter 1 Introduction................................................1
1.1 Waterborne/Water-Related Diseases..............................1
1.2 Natural Disasters........................................ ..........3
Chapter 2 The Need of Water Decontamination in Disaster Areas
and Areas with a Deficiency in Clean Drinking Water......7
2.1 Occurrence of Natural Disasters..................................9
2.2 Possible Consequences for the Local Water Supply After
or During a Disaster.............................................15
2.3 Summary and Recommendations................................17
Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Water Decontamination in
Disaster Areas............................................19
3.1 Quantity Over Quality...........................................19
3.2 Daily Need of Water............................................19
3.3 Typical Conditions of Water in Disaster Areas and
Basic Demand for Water Treatment and Sanitation............19
3.4 Training..........................................................20
3.5 System Sizes......................................................20
3.6 Preferable Characteristics of Equipment in Disaster Aid........20
3.7 Typical Duration of a Disaster Aid Assignment................21
3.8 Human Factor....................................................21
Chapter 4 Key Facts About Implementing Home Water
Treatment (HWT)........................................23
4.1 Define Strategy..................................................23
4.2 Design............................................................23
iii
iv TableofContents
4.3 Implement........................................................24
4.4 Monitor, Evaluate, Define.......................................24
Chapter 5 Established Basic Methods for Water
Decontamination..........................................25
5.1 Chemical..........................................................25
5.2 Mechanical.......................................................32
5.3 Pulsed Electric Fields............................................34
5.4 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)/UV..................................35
5.5 Thermal/Boiling..................................................36
5.6 Ultrasound........................................................37
5.7 Ultraviolet Light..................................................38
Chapter 6 Comparison of Systems Available on the Market........ 41
6.1 Household Size and Personal Use...............................41
6.2 Pulsed Electric Fields (Household Size)..........................61
6.3 Industrial/Community/Municipal Size – Ensuring Water
Quality at the Source............................................62
Chapter 7 Conditions and Requirements for a Successful PEF
System Implementation and Resulting Advantages of
This Method in Comparison to Established Methods......75
7.1 Requirements and Remarks......................................75
7.2 Resulting Advantages............................................76
Conclusion............................................................77
Acknowledgements....................................................79
Sources/Literature....................................................81
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AUS Australia
Ca Calcium
CAWST CentreforAffordableWaterandSanitationTechnology
CDC CentresforDiseaseControlandPrevention(USA)
CHC Chlorinatedhydrocarbons
CO Carbondioxide
2
CRED CentreforResearchontheEpidemiologyofDisasters
DALY Disability-adjustedlifeyears
DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid
DR DemocraticRepublic
DRK “DeutschesRotesKreuz”/GermanRedCross
EAWAG “EidgenössischeAnstaltfürWasserversorgung,Abwasserreini-
gung und Gewässerschutz”/Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic
ScienceandTechnology
EM-DAT EmergencyEventsDatabase
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USA)
Fig. Figure
GDB Globalburdenofdisease
H S Hydrogensulfide
2
HWT Homewatertreatment
Mn Manganese
n.a. Notavailable/informationnotavailable
NaDCC Sodiumdichloroisocyanurate
NTU Nephelometricturbidityunit
P&G Procter&Gamble
PAH Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons
PEF Pulsedelectricfields
PoU Pointofuse
PV Photovoltaic
SANDEC DepartmentofWaterandSanitationinDevelopingCountries
SODIS Solardisinfectionsystem
TDS Totaldissolvedsolids
TSS Totalsuspendedsolids
v
vi ListofAbbreviations
TÜV “TechnischerÜberwachunsverein”/TechnicalInspection
Authority
UF Ultrafiltration
UK UnitedKingdom
UN UnitedNations
UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’sEmergencyFund
USA UnitedStatesofAmerica
UV Ultravioletradiation
Vol. Volume
WHO WorldHealthOrganisation
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1.1 Reductionindiarrhoealdiseasesmorbidityresultingfrom
improvementsindrinkingwaterandsanitationservices 2
1.2 Causesofdeathamongchildrenunder5yearsold
worldwidebetween2000and2003 2
2.1 Associationbetweenlackofimprovedsourcesofdrinking
waterandsanitationfacilities,anddeathsofchildrenless
than1yearofageattributabletodiarrhoealdiseases 8
2.2 Deathsattributabletodiarrhoeabyagegroupandregion
in2002 8
2.3 Globalsalesofbottlesoflocallyproduceddilutesodium
hypochloritefrom1996to2004 8
2.4 Summaryofnaturaldisastersfrom1900to2009including
numberofdisastersreported,fatalitiesreportedandpeople
reportedaffectedworldwide 9
2.5 Summaryofnaturaldisastersfrom1990to2009
includingnumberofdisastersandnumberofvictims
(killedandaffected)worldwide 11
2.6 Numberofnaturaldisastersbetween1900and2005
registeredinEMDATbygroup 11
2.7 Numberofhydrometeorologicaldisasters(1970–2005)
splitintotypes 12
2.8 Numberofgeologicaldisasters(1970–2005)splitintotypes 13
2.9 Numberofbiologicaldisasters(1970–2005)splitinto
epidemicandinsectinfestation 13
2.10 Numberofnaturaldisastersfrom1976to2005sorted
bycountry 14
2.11 Naturaldisasteroccurrencein2009 14
2.12 Regionaldistributionofnaturaldisastersfrom1991
to2005byorigin 15
2.13 Percentageshareofreportedoccurrencebydisastersub-group
andcontinentin2009 15
2.14 Percentshareofreportedvictimsbydisastersub-group
andcontinentin2009 16
vii
viii ListofFigures
2.15 Numberandoccurrenceofnaturaldisastersin2010and
incomparisontotheaveragefrom2000to2009sorted
bytype 16
2.16 Humanimpactbydisastertypeinthelastdecade
(2000–2010) 17
5.1 TheestimatednumberofusersofSODISapplications
worldwide,includingstartingperiodofprojectsand
countriesinwhichSODISisimplementedaslocalhouse
watertreatment(2008) 36
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1.1 Top10disastersin2010bynumberofdeaths 3
1.2 Tenworstdisastersofthelastcentury(1900–2000)
accordingtodeathtoll 3
1.3 Largedisastereventsovertheperiod2000–2010
impactingoncities 4
2.1 Groupsandtypesofnaturaldisastersasindexedby
theEM-DAT 10
5.1 Percentageofhouseholdsinselectedcountriesusing
differentwatertreatmentmethods 26
ix
