Seasonal abundance and host use patterns of seven Bactrocera Macquart species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia

14 Pages·2001·0.7 MB·English

by  Clarke, A R

THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY2001 49(2): 207-220
© National UniversityofSingapore
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND HOST USE PATTERNS OF SEVEN
BACTROCERA MACQUART SPECIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
IN THAILAND AND PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
A. R. Clarke
Tropical Fruit Fly ResearchGroup, Australian School ofEnvironmentalStudies, Griffith University Nathan Campus, Nathan, Qld4//1, Australia
Authorship isalphabeticalafterthefirst. Email: [email protected]
A. Allwood
61 Thornburgh St, Oxley, Qld4075, Australia
A. Chinajariyawong
Institute ofAgricultural Technology, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
R. A. I. Drew
Tropical Fruit Fly Research Group, AustralianSchool ofEnvironmentalStudies, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Qld4111, Australia
C. Hengsawad
Chiangmai RiceExperimentalStation, San Pa Tong" Chiang Mai, 50120, Thailand
M. Jirasurat
DepartmentofAgriculture, EntomologyandZoology Division, Chatachak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
C. Kong Krong
Chiangrai Horticultural Research Centre, Chiang Rai, 57000, Thailand
s. Kritsaneepaiboon
DepartmentofPestManagement, Prince ofSonghkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
S. Vijaysegaran
FruitResearch Division, MARD1, GPOBox /2301, Kuala Lumpur, 50774, Malaysia
ABSTRACT.- Basedonextensivemaletrapping,informationispresentedonthedistributionandseasonal
abundance ofsix Bactrocera species in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Bactrocera dorsalis and B.
correcta weretrapped innorthernandcentralThailand,B. papayae, B. carambolaeandB. umbrosa were
restrictedtosouthernThailandandMalaysia,whileB. cucurbitaewaswidespread,althoughmoreabundant
in the north. Bactroceradorsalis, B. papayae andB. correctaexhibited unimodal patterns ofpopulation
abundance, with populations peaking between June and September depending on species and locality.
Bactrocera carambolae, B. cucurbitae and B. umbrosa showed no clear patterns in their population
modalities, varying between regions. Based on fruit rearing work undertaken in northern and southern
Thailand, information on host use patterns is also provided for the above six species, plus B. latifrons.
Bactrocera umbrosa, B. latifrons and B. cucurbitae are confirmed as oligophagous onArtocarpus spp.,
Solanumspp.andcucurbitspp.,respectively.SpeciesoftheB.dorsaliscomplex(B. dorsalis,B. carambolae,
B. papayae) andB. correcta, although with avery widepotentialhost range, were predominantlyreared
from a small number ofhosts, including Terminalia catappa, Psidium guajava, Syzygium samarangense
and Averrhoa carambola. The number offlies reared from such hosts were generally in excess of the
proportion ofthat fruit in regional samples, implying thateven though theflies are polyphagous species,
not all hosts are used equally.
KEYWORDS.- Bactroceracarambolae,Bactroceracucurbitae,Bactroceracorrecta, Bactroceradorsalis,
Bactrocera latifrons, Bactrocera papayae, Bactrocera umbrosa.
Received 3Nov 2000 Accepted 9 Mar 200I
207
Clarke et al.: Seasonal abundance and host use patterns ofBactrocera
INTRODUCTION etaI., 1999),hostusepatterns presentedinthis paperallow
more definitive statements to be made about the nature of
Dacine fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera (Diptera: polyphagy in these species. Ofthe remaining species, B.
Tephritidae)arearguablythe mostserious pestsoffruitand cucurbitae is a majorcucurbit pest,B. latifrons is apest of
vegetables throughout Asia and the Pacific. The larvae of Solanum species andB. umbrosa is apestofbreadfruitand
mostBactrocera species feed infleshy fruits orvegetables, jackfruit. Generalinformationandfurtherreferencesoneach
wheretheycausefruitrotandprematuredrop. Whilealarge ofthese species are givenin White & Elson-Harris (1994).
amount of published literature is available for the dacines
(seeforexamplereviewsbyFletcher, 1987;Drew&Romig, Informationis not supplied for B. tau, even though data on
1999), mostfield ecological informationis basedononly a this taxon were collectedduringthe samplingprogrammes.
few pest species, commonly in regions outside their native Bactrocera tau sensu lato is considered to be a species
range (e.g. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera complex,basedoncytologicalevidence(BaimaietaI.,2000)
cucurbitae (Coquillett) in Hawaii [Harris & Lee, 1989; and morphologicalevidence (R.A.I. Drew, pers. obs.). We
VargasetaI., 1989;LiquidoetaI., 1990],Bactroceratryoni thereforerefrainfrompublishingseasonalphenologyorhost
(Froggatt) in southern NSW [Fletcher, 1973, 1974a, b]). use information on this taxon until the species status of
various geographic and host-associated populations is
OftheseriousBactrocerapestspecies,severalareindigenous clarified.
toThailandandPeninsularMalaysia. Speciesnativetothese
countries include several of the B. dorsalis complex,
including B. dorsalis sensu stricto, B. papayae Drew & MATERIALS AND METHODS
Hancock and B. carambolae Drew & Hancock, and the
cucurbitfeedersB. cucurbitaeandBactroceratau(Walker). Adultfly trapping
Severalworkers have publishedonthe field ecologyandlor Adult flies were sampled using Steiner traps (Queensland
pest status ofthesespecies in South-eastAsia, especiallyin modification) (White & Elson-Harris, 1994), baited with a
Malaysia (Tan & Soo-Lam, 1982; Ooi, 1984; Tan, 1984; cotton wick soaked in either 3ml of cue-lure (4-(p
Vijaysegaran, 1984, 1991;Tan& Serit, 1988, 1994;Serit& acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone) or methyl-eugenol (ME)
Keng-Hong, 1990; Chua, 1991; lwahashi et aI., 1996; Tan (3,3,dimethoxy Cl) 2 propenyl benzene). A knock-down
& Nishida, 1998). Carefulinterpretationneedstobeapplied insecticide (malathion, Iml) was added to the lure to kill
to mostofthesepapers, however, as those publishedbefore insectsattractedtothetrap. Atanyonesite,trapswerehung
Drewand Hancock's (1994a) revision wereunaware ofthe inpairsatadistance of10-20mapart. Fifty-foursampling
siblingcomplexhidden withinB. dorsalis sensu lato. Thus siteswereestablishedinPeninsularMalaysiaandseventeen
most ofthese papers refer to B. dorsalis in Malaysia, butit inThailand. Flies were removed from traps on a 1-2 week
isnowknownnottooccurinthatcountry(Drew& Hancock, basis and lures were recharged monthly. At anyone site,
1994a). traps were serviced for 12 to 36 months
Between 1986 and 1994, extensive adult fruit fly trapping Trapcatches are pooled withinaregion and across years to
and larval host fruit rearing were undertaken in Malaysia give average monthly trap catches per region. Data were
and Thailand as part of joint projects between the pooled for ten regions, identified in Thailand by three
Governments ofMalaysia and Thailand and the Australian population centres (Chiang Rai [19°53'N 99°49'E][7 pairs
Centre for International Agricultural Research. From this oftraps], Chiang Mai [18°44'N 98°37'E][5] and Bangkok
work extensive fruit fly hostplantand parasitoidlists were [13°45'N 100024'E][5]), and in Malaysia by the state in
generated (Allwood et aI., 1999; Chinajariyawong et aI., which traps were located (Kedah/Perlis [3], Kelantan [13],
2000) and the taxonomy of several groups of dacine fruit Perak [11], Terengganu [3], Pahang [12], Selangor [9] and
flies were clarified (Drew & Hancock, 1994a, b; Drew et lohor [3]).
aI., 1998).
Fruit rearing
Fromthe sameprogram, this paperpresentsinformationon To assess host use patterns, fruit were collected from the
theseasonalabundance(asdeterminedbymaleluretrapping) fieldandreturnedtothelaboratory,whereindividualsamples
and host use patterns of seven major pest fruit flies in were placed in separate holding containers until pupation
Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, viz. B. carambolae occurred and the flies isolated. Details of the techniques
(carambola fruit fly), Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (guava followed aregivenin White& Elson-Harris (1992: 16)and
fruit fly), B. cucurbitae (melon fly), B. dorsalis (Oriental AllwoodetaI. (1999). Approximately23,000sampleswere
fruit fly), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Solanumfruit fly) collected,withthemajoritybeingcollectedinThailand. Both
B.papayae(Asianpapayafruitfly) andBactroceraumbrosa cultivated and wild fruit were collected in Thailand, while
(Fabricius)(breadfruitfly). Bactroceradorsalis,B.papayae inMalaysiapredominantlycommercialfruits weresampled.
and B. carambolae are all members of the Bactrocera As an example of the level of collection undertaken in
dorsalis complex (Drew & Hancock, 1994a) and are Thailand, the following are details ofthe collections made
considered highly polyphagous species, as is B. correcta. by the team leadbyM. JirasuratoperatingoutofBangkok.
While claims for polyphagy are true based on the total Collection period 1991-1992; 175 collecting trips totaling
numberofhostsfromwhichtheyhavebeenreared(Allwood 420 days effort; 22 provinces covered; 600 known plant
208
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY2001
species orvarieties sampled; 3,789 samplestaken; 568,987 papayae populations tended to be unimodal, with the peak
individual fruits collected. Teams operating out ofother lateinthemonsoonseason(August/September)anddropping
centers collected similar or even greater amounts offruit. offduring the dry season (Fig. 2). Bactrocera carambolae
populationsshowednorepeatablepatternacrossregions(Fig.
In the Results section, onlyfruit samplesfrom Thailandare 3). For Perak and Kelantan populations were distinctly
included. This is because these samples are locally bimodal, with populationpeaks inDeclJanand June, while
comprehensive, covering both commercial and non forotherregionspopulationswereunimodal,orwithoutany
commercial hosts. The inclusion of non-commercial host obvious peak(s).
fruits allowsmoredetailedstatementstobemadeabouthost
usagethanispossibleifonlycommercialhostsaresampled. Bactrocera cucurbitae was found throughout Thailand and
Host fruit usage is summarised by the region from which PeninsularMalaysia, butin general became more common
fruitweresampled(ChiangRai,ChiangMai,Bangkok,Surat towards the north (Fig. 4). No repeatable patterns in
Thani [9°0TN99°20'E]andSonghkla[7°13'N 100033'E]). populationmodality wereobvious in this cucurbitbreeding
Becauseofthenaturaldistributionofflies, notallfly species fly, withrelativelyevenpopulationsizesthroughouttheyear.
havehostrecordsfromeachcentre. Thefullhost-plantlists This was particularlythe casein regions wherepopulations
fromthesesurveys(bothThailandandMalaysia),plusthose werelow. Forregions wherethespeciesoccurredin higher
hosts sampledthat did notyieldflies, are given in Allwood numbers some population modality was observed (e.g.
et al. (1999). bimodal populations at Chiang Mai and Perak), but these
wererarelyrepeatedacrossregionsandthegeneralityofthe
Fruitfly identification patterns must be questioned.
Allfruit flies caughtintraps, orrearedfrom fruit, weresent
to Brisbane, Australia, wherethey were identifiedbyeither Bactrocera correcta was only recovered in Thailand,
R.A.I. Drew or D.L. Hancock. particularlyinthenorthatChiangMaiandChiangRai (Fig.
5). This species exhibited a unimodal population pattern,
Data analysis and presentation peakingaroundJune. AtChiangMaithe fly was presentin
No statistical analysis has been undertaken on the data relatively high numbers for most ofthe yearexceptfor the
presented in this paper. Rather data are presented as period September to December. However, at Chiang Rai
summarytablesorgraphs,withonlymajortrendsdiscussed. and Bangkok the fly was only caught in the middle ofthe
Thedecision not to analyzedataisbasedon theunderlying year and was otherwise rare or absent.
assumptions of statistical analysis, many of which are
violated by the available data. Most particularly the Bactrocera umbrosa was absent from northern and central
samplingprograms,forbothadultflies andfruitcollections, Thailand, but was present in southern Thailand and
were not performed with a particular experimental design, throughout Peninsular Malaysia, becoming more common
or hypothesis, in mind. Rather they were preliminary inthesouth(Fig. 6andTable 1). As withB. cucurbitae, no
surveys, a fact that was necessitated by the lack of prior clear modality was seen in the populations ofB. umbrosa
knowledgeaboutfly species,flydistributionorhostuse. For for most regions. However, at Johor, where fly numbers
example, wild fruit collections were haphazard and werehighest, adistinctbimodalitywasobvious, withpeaks
dependant on opportunistic collection. This meant that in May/June and DecemberlJanuary.
samplesizesvaried,asdidthecollectionlocalitiesanddates.
Attempting formal statistical analysis of such data would Trap data for Bactrocera latifrons is not available, as this
thereforebeinappropriatebecauseoftheunbalancedsample speciesdoesnotrespondtoeithercue-lureormethyl-eugenol
sizes and because background fly populations (and hence (White & Elson-Harris, 1992: 211).
infestation rates) are variable with location and time.
Similarly adult fly-traps came into or out of service in Host plant usage
different years over the eight years that the projects ran, As previously reported (Allwood et aI., 1999), B. dorsalis,
makingstatisticalcomparisonsbetweensitesinappropriate. B. papayae and B. carambolae (all B. dorsalis complex
species) were recorded from a wide range of host species
acrossseveralplantfamilies. BactrocerapapayaeatSongkla
RESULTS was reared from the greatest number of different plant
species,with 129individualhostrecords. However,despite
Seasonal abundance and distribution the large numberofhostrecords forthesethree fly species,
Bactroceradorsalis wasonlycollectedinThailandandwas generallyasfew as5hostsaccountedfor70-90%ofallflies
mostabundantatChiangRaiinthefarnorthofthecountry. of a species reared (Table 1). While this is in part due to
Forallregionswheretheflywaspresent(ChiangRai,Chiang thefactthatmanyrearingrecords arebasedoninfrequently
Mai, Bangkok) the population was unimodal, building up sampledfruits, certainhostspeciesreareddisproportionately
from the start of the monsoon season and peaking around large numbers offlies. As an example, the two hostplants
June. A distinct period of low catches was evident from rearingthegreatestnumberoffliesforanyregionaccounted
SeptemberthroughtoJanuary (Fig. 1). Bactrocerapapayae for 34-72% ofall flies ofaparticularspecies reared in that
andB. carambolaewereonlycollectedfromMalaysiansites region. Atthe sametime, those hostplants only accounted
and southern Thailand (Figs. 2, 3, Table 1). Bactrocera for6-37% and 12-40%ofthetotalnumberandtotal weight
209
Clarke et al.: Seasonal abundance and host use patterns ofBactrocera
1600 Chiang Mai 1600 Chiang Rai
140D 1400
1200 1200
1000 IODO
800 800
600 600
40D r-·", 400
,'"
200 Fe 200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov De<: { J~Feb~~_~JuI~_~~~
.'
J j
Kedah Bangkok
1600 ( ,--••'600
/ r""..) '.
1400 ! I'" ...... 1~.
~
1200 1200
1()()() 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
Jan Feb Mar Af1' May Jun JuI Aug Sep Od Nov
Perak Kelantan
1600
140D
1200
1000
800 BOO
600 600
400 400
200 200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May J..., Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apt May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
1600 Selangor 1600 Terengganu
1400 1400
1200 1200
1()()() 1000
800 BOO
600 600
400 400
200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od No\/' De<: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od NaY' Dec
'600 Johor 1600 Pahang
1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NO'.' Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov De<:
Fig. 1.DistributionandaveragemonthlytrapcatchofBactroceradorsalisinThailandandPeninsularMalaysiabasedoncatchesofmale
flies in methyl-eugenol baited Steinertraps.
210
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2001
320700 Chiang Mai 320700 Chiang Rai
240 240
210j 210
180j 180
150J 150
j
120
120
901 90
1 r-", 60
60
mj ~ m
oLi~_~~_~__~_~~_~_~~_~ "..•._.,1
N~ ~e
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 5ep 0Ct Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jut Aug 5ep Od Nov Dec
0«
.
300 Kedah (.~ Bangkok
270 \
240
210 '\""\ 210
180 I 180
''0)
150 150
(
120 120
90 .:,' 90
60 60
"
m
\'0,..
\
3001Perak Kelantan
2701
240J
210 210
180 180
150 150
120 120
90 90
60 60
m m
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
300
Selangor Terengganu
270
240 240
210 210
180 180
150 150
120 120
90 90
60 60
m
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 0Ct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
300.
Johor Pahang
270 270
240 240
210 210
180 180
150 150
120 120
90 90
60 60
m 30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JuI Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
Fig.2.Distributionandaveragemonthly trapcatchofBactrocerapapayaeinThailandandPeninsularMalaysiabasedoncatchesofmale
flies in methyl-eugenol baited Steiner traps.
211
Clarke et al.: Seasonal abundance and host use patterns ofBactrocera
so
Chiang Mai so1ChiangRai
70 ?Dj
60 60
50 50
40
30 30
20 20
10
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JuJ Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
so
Kedah Bangkok
70
60
50 50
40
30 30
20 20
10 10
Jan eb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
so Perak AO Kelantan
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
so so
Selangor Terengganu
70 70
60 60
50 50
40
30 30
20 20
10
Jan Feb Mar Apf May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jut Aug sep Od Nov Dec
so so
Johor Pahang
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
Jan Feb Mar Arx May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
Fig. 3. Distributionand average monthly trapcatchofBactroceracarambolaeinThailandand PeninsularMalaysiabasedoncatchesof
male flies in methyl-eugenol baited Steiner traps.
212
Table I.Fruitrearing forBactrocera species from different regions ofThailand. Each cell ofthe table contains three figures. The first is the number offlies ofthat species reared from the host,
as apercentageofallflies ofthatspeciesrearedfrom theregion.Thesecond (roundbrackets)is thenumberoffruitfrom whichflies ofthatspecieswerereared, as apercentagefothetotal number
ofall fruit from which flies ofthat species were reared for that region. The third number [square brackets] is the weight offruit ofthat host-species from which flies ofthe species were reared,
as a percentage ofthe total weight ofall fruit from which flies ofthat species were reared for the region. "Other" is apooled setofhost-species which, individually, accounted for less than 2%
ofthe total flies ofthat species reared for that region.
B.dorsalis B.papayae B.carambolae B.correcta B.umbrosa
ChiangRai ChiangMai Bangkok SuratThani Songhkla Songkhla ChiangMai Bangkok Songkhla
Totalnumberoffliesreared 8164 20129 24833 8479 118169 5893 13723 19233 1042
Totalnumberoffruityieldingflies 6675 76480 53352 2708 116111 48272 67879 51957 165
Totalweightoffruityieldingflies(kg) 195.43 1058.79 764.24 84.67 2815.23 1976.49 809.32 762.95 185.63
ANACARDIACEAE Anacardiumoccidentale 24.4(31.39)[33.92] 3.1(5.02)[6651 2.4(0.72)[2.38]
Mangiferaindica 7.1(2.79)[9.70] 4.4(1.24)[5.59] 4.2(2.90)[10.24] 8.7(1.27)[11.24]
ARECACEAE Arecacatechu 4.0(0.53)[1.23]
CAPPARACEAE ('apparissepiaria 2.5(5.72)[0.28] 5j
Maeruasiamensis 2.4(0.47)[0.13]
~
CARlCACEAE Caricapapaya 3.3(0.48)[7.33]
~
COMBRETACEAE Terminaliacatappa 2.8(2.37)[0.89] 15.0(3.56)[2.67] 62(1690)[14.93] 27.2(14.29)[5.83] 23.3(12.79)[9.89] 313(17.02)[14.85]
CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthesoxigera 4.4(0.73)[0.42] .."
~
ELAEOCARPACEAE Muntingiacalabura 3.7(3.68)[0.63] 3.2(8.19)[0.82]
FABACEAE Parkwspeciosa 3.0(018)[0.54] ~
LOGANIACEAE Fagraeaceilanica 2.1(0.12)[0.39]
tl:i
MELIACEAE Sandoricumkoetjape 4.1(1.40)[5.57] ~
MORACEAE ArtocarpusaltiUs 3.6(49.09)[1805]
~
Artocarpusheterophyllus 84.5(26.06)[58.76]
Artocarpusinteger 11.9(24.84)[23.19] :::j
N...... MUSACEAE Musaacuminata 2.3(1.04)[0.67] <:
w a
Musaparadisiaca 23(3.57)[5.83]
MYRTACEAE Psidiumguajava 30.1 (5.20)[13.91] 19.3(2.61)[14.46] 8.2(381)[25.59] 22.6(12.28)[37.93] 25.5(3.51)[16.19] 8.4(8.40)[23.06] 17.8(2.94)[18.91] 23.6(3.84)[25.63] .."
~yzygiumaqueum ~
Syzygiumjambos 2.3(2.15)[3.50] 3.6(14.96)[6.89] 2.1(2.43)[4.58] ~
Syzygiummalaccensis 8(1.27)[1.70] a
.~yzygiumsamarangense 4.6(8.69)[6.41] 13.8(4.95)[6.51] 7.1(5.68)[9.21] 6.9(9.03)[9.55] 26.4(21.64)[13.61] 38.9(5.57)[8.52] 18.4(572)[9.23] Cl
OLEACEAE Myxopyrumsmilacifolium 2.8(067)[0.96] "":;
OXALIDACEAE Averrhoacarambola 5.2(402)[4.58] 8.9(6.69)[10.17] 45.2(1602)[14.49] oN
POLYGALACEAE Xanthophyllumflavescens 5.4(321)[1.12] o
RHAMNACEAE Zi=lphusjUJuba 6.5(9.75)[5.37] 4.6(34.45)[11.04] 7.4(10.98)[7.03] 14.7(3472)[11.06] f-'
Zi=lphusoenoplia 2.4(6.14)[280]
Ziziphusrotundifolia 6.7(3.61)[174]
Zizyphusmauritiana 6.0(10.80)[2.09]
ROSACEAE Prunuspersica 8.1(797)[5.71]
SAPINDACEAE Lepisanthestetraphylla 2.3(0.12)[1.01]
SAPOTACEAE Manilkarazapota 4.6(2.51)[6.40] 3.4(601)[9.11]
"OTHER" 10.4(36.98)[26.96] 30(68.95)[56.86] II(3608)[28.45] 9.7(44.34)[24.29] 20.8(53.27)[40.14] 6.5(46.54)[37.64] 9.8(63.08)[44.69] 6.4(3004)[38.38] 0(0)[0]
Table 1(continued).
n
B.cucurbitae B.latifrons P..O.
ChiangRai ChiangMai Bangkok SuratThani Songkhla ChiangRai ChiangMai Bangkok Songkhla ;:0;-
Totalnumberoffliesreared 1060 7446 16531 1071 12219 1579 5062 1964 7802 ("D
~
Totalnumberoffruityieldingflies 1090 10640 9296 477 6660 3656 13722 15773 33771
Totalweightoffruityieldingflies(kg) 109.77 148.5 258.37 14.2 359.61 16.08 50.99 33.07 121.32 ?=-
CUCURBITACEAE Bemnca.\'Ohispida 4.7(028)[2.83] 4.5(103)[9.05] en
('itnt/luslanatus 5.3(10.64)[49.26] (p"Do
'"
Coccin;agrandi.\' 33.8(4495)[4.73] 39.1(17.53)[18.47] 32.7(4379)[16.71] 33.5(23.06)[1106] 42.2(34.65)[8.70] 0
::l
('ucumlsme/a 8.1(3.67)[13.99] 3.4(0.43)[6.25] r=..
('ucumissativus 17.1(6.06)[13.47] 3.6(0.98)[8.73] 82(10.81)[25.80] 6.0(4.40)[17.44] 21.3(18.09)[34.11] po
er
Cucurhilamoscchala 10.4(7.89)[8.19] C
L~flaael/langula 6.2(3.12)[197] 9.4(2.68)[7.84] 6.5(881)[7.97] P::lo
Lulfa,ylmdrlca 4.0(2.02)[317] 2.2(161)[9.24] 2.7(150)[2.82] po
::l
Melothnawallichii 2.5(218)[104] n
L....V... Momordicacharantia 7.3(1092)[0.77] 44.8(3172)[9.77] 5.9(567)[5.17] 57.4(53.67)[36.81] 22.6(18.39)[13.20] (p"Do
.j::.. Trichosanthesanguina 21.5(180)[4.84] P::lo
Tnchosanthesoxigera 2.7(0.52)[3.05]
::l""'
TrichosantheswC1»'raei 22(I100)[3.44] 0
'.."....
MORACEAE ArtocarpusaltiUs
C
Artocarpl/shelerophyllus '"
("D
ArlocarpusInteger
"0
SOLANACEAE Capsicumannuum 9.4(13.73)[18.83] 7.3(693)[23.89] 4.6(l7.68)[173] 6.7(1062)[9.89] po
;:::::
Solanumacu!eatissimum 218(3.32)[31.26] 59(1614)[46.39] (.".D.
Solanumincanum 16.2(18.15)[2.93] ::l
'"
Solanumindlcum 12.8(807)[2.10] 6.1(2.73)[0.44] .0...,
Solanummacr%n 7.9(8.75)[195]
Solanummelongena 27.5(I162)[47.56] 30.7(10.12)[63.16] 4.6(0.69)[37.47] 2.4(086)[18.25] ;t:l:;,:i
Solanummgnlm 3.8(14.75)[0.98] .t."..)..
SolanumsanirnJungsei 5.1(13.79)[172] 27.8(34.81)[8.96] ;:s
Solanumlorvum 6.7(12.96)[13.38] 109(1193)[2.69] 34.2(36.76)[19.22] 12.7(44.10)[I105] t~")
SolanumIrilohalum 29.6(29.15)[11.29] 39.5(48.28)[5.56] ~
"OTHER" 31(10.45)[162] 5.1(45.56)[49.70] 13.1(2279)[2090] 3.1(18.87)[34.69] 4.7(18.56)[33.20] 0.9(193)[317] 7.8(799)[3.72] 0.9(13.58)[0.92] 2.7(10.13)[1149]
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2001
180
180!Chiang Mai Chiang Rai
160 160
I
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jut Aug 8ep Od Nov nee
180 Kedah 180 Bangkok
160 "l\OO
1~
140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Jan Feb Mac Ap< May Jan
180 180
Perak Kelantan
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Jan Feb Mar AfK May Jun JuI Aug Sep Od New Dec
180 180
Selangor Terengganu
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80
60
40
cp _
""F ""'T'" cp-cpcpQ
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov nee Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec
180
Johor Pahang
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Dcl Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Oec
Fig. 4. Distribution and average monthly trap catch orBactroceracucurbitae inThailand and PeninsularMalaysia based on catches of
male flies in cue-lure baited Steiner traps.
215
Clarke et al.: Seasonal abundance and host use patterns ofBactrocera
180 Chiang Mai 180 Chiang Rai
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 ,,-(_..., 40
20 20
,-••_...J
"f-e
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NO'.' Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Noy Dec
.
180 Kedah ~ 180 Bangkok
160 \
140
120 '1\,\' 120
100 100
80 (.... 80
60 60
(
40 40
20
"'\
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Noy Dec
180 Perak Kelantan
160
140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov nee Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Gct No... Dee
180 Selangor Terengganu
160
140 140
120 '20
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NO'.' Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No" Dee
'80 Johor Pahang
160 160
140 140
120 120
'00 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Noy Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No.... Oec
Fig.5.DistributionandaveragemonthlytrapcatchofBactroceracorrectainThailandandPeninsularMalaysiabasedoncatchesofmale
flies in methyl-eugenol baited Steiner traps.
216