Table Of ContentHiroshi Ehara · Yukio Toyoda
Dennis V. Johnson Editors
Sago Palm
Multiple Contributions to Food Security
and Sustainable Livelihoods
Sago Palm
Hiroshi Ehara • Yukio Toyoda
Dennis V. Johnson
Editors
Sago Palm
Multiple Contributions to Food Security
and Sustainable Livelihoods
Editors
Hiroshi Ehara Yukio Toyoda
Applied Social System Institute of Asia, College of Tourism
International Cooperation Center for Rikkyo University
Agricultural Education Niiza, Saitama, Japan
Nagoya University
Nagoya, Japan
Dennis V. Johnson
Cincinnati, OH, USA
ISBN 978-981-10-5268-2 ISBN 978-981-10-5269-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5269-9
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Preface
Sago supports the welfare of human and the planet:
Commemoration of SAGO 2015 Tokyo
In 2015, the 12th International Sago Symposium (SAGO 2015) entitled Sago
Supports Human and Planet Welfare was held in Rikkyo University, Ikebukuro,
Tokyo. It was the third international symposium on sago to have been held in Japan,
supported by the Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture (JSTA); the Japanese
Society of Applied Glycoscience (JSAG); United Nations of Food and Agriculture
(FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries of the Government of Japan (MAFF); Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA), the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Studies
(JIRCAS), and Rikkyo University. About 120 participants including 78 sago spe-
cialists from many countries in the world came to Ikebukuro to participate in the
symposium. Through the discussion during the symposium, it was concluded by the
organizing committee of SAGO 2015 that a book on sago should be published by
the Society of Sago Palm Studies from the viewpoint of new aspects. The society
contacted Springer Publishing Company to publish a book on sago. Much of the
contribution for this book was financially supported by the late Isao Nagato and
Rikkyo University, which accepted the financial proposal from the society.
Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) can be grown in wetland swamps of
Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands where other food crops cannot grow eco-
nomically and produce high yield of starch. It is one of the typical indigenous food
crops with very little attention and research. Since other food crops cannot be
grown, sago palm has a high potential to contribute to food security and improve-
ment of health and human welfare as an additional source of staple food without
competition for the use of arable lands.
Sago palm can absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide to counteract global
warming and climate change and grow up to 20 m in height, accumulating starch in
its trunk. Few people know that Japan has imported around 20,000 mt of raw sago
starch from Malaysia and Indonesia for more than 20 years. Sago starch is typically
v
vi Preface
used as dusting starch in Japan. Sago starch granules are relatively large and uni-
form, making them ideal for the separation of adhesive noodles but more costly than
cassava starch. Accordingly, sago starch always has a competitive price compared
to cassava starch in the world trade market.
The late Dr. Isao Nagato supported sago studies based on his belief that sago
palm will strongly contribute to solving the food crisis in this century and invested
large sums of his funds in sago palm and related research. He established the foun-
dations of sago palm research in Japan to promote sago palm research for young
scientists. As a result, Japan has come to lead in international research on sago, even
though no growing areas of sago palm naturally are present in Japan. He recognized
the potential power of sago palm in vast tropical lowland areas with brackish water.
The late Dr. Isao Nagato
We acknowledge all of the contributors of this book and Springer Publishing
Company and hope that this book is useful to sago researchers and serves human
and planet welfare.
Nagoya, Japan Hiroshi Ehara
Niiza, Japan Yukio Toyoda
Cincinnati, USA Dennis V. Johnson
Masanori Okazaki
Chair of the 12th International Sago Symposium
Contents
Part I Introduction of Sago Resources
1 Status and Outlook of Global Food Security and the Role
of Underutilized Food Resources: Sago Palm ...................................... 3
Hiroyuki Konuma
2 Growing Area of Sago Palm and Its Environment ............................... 17
Mochamad Hasjim Bintoro, Muhammad Iqbal Nurulhaq,
Agief Julio Pratama, Fendri Ahmad, and Liska Ayulia
3 Life and Livelihood in Sago-Growing Areas ........................................ 31
Yukio Toyoda
Part II Diversity of Sago Resource in Asia and Pacific
4 Genetic Variation and Agronomic Features of Metroxylon
Palms in Asia and Pacific ....................................................................... 45
Hiroshi Ehara
5 Sago Palm Genetic Resource Diversity in Indonesia ........................... 61
Barahima Abbas
Part III S ago Industry Contributes for Food Security
and Rural Development in Core Producing Countries
6 An Overview of Sago Industry Development, 1980s–2015 .................. 75
F.S. Jong
7 Suitability of Peat Swamp Areas for Commercial Production
of Sago Palms: The Sarawak Experience ............................................. 91
Roland Yong Chiew Ming, Yusup Sobeng, Fariza Zaini,
and Noraini Busri
vii
viii Contents
8 Feasibility of Small-Scale Sago Industries in the Maluku
Islands, Indonesia .................................................................................... 109
Wardis Girsang
9 Addressing Food Insecurity in Papua New Guinea Through
Food Safety and Sago Cropping ............................................................ 123
Aisak G. Pue, Mary T. Fletcher, Barry Blaney, Andrew R. Greenhill,
Jeffery M. Warner, Atagazli Latifa, and Jack M. Ng
10 Conservation and Sustainable Utilization
of the Fiji Sago Palm Metroxylon vitiense ............................................. 139
Dick Watling
Part IV Agricultural Botany of Sago Palm
11 Dry Matter Production as a Basis of Starch Production
in Sago Palm ............................................................................................ 157
Yoshinori Yamamoto
12 Morphogenesis of Sago Palm ................................................................. 169
Satoshi Nakamura
13 Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics
of Sago Palm Starch ................................................................................ 181
Yoji Nitta
Part V Growth Environment
14 Soil Environment in Sago Palm Forest.................................................. 193
Masanori Okazaki and Yuka Sasaki
15 Microbial Interactions and Activities Affecting Sago
Palm Growth ........................................................................................... 207
Koki Toyota
Part VI Starch Production and Utilization
16 Sago Starch: Transformation of Extraction and Consumption
Processes in Traditional Indonesian Societies ...................................... 221
Yoshihiko Nishimura
17 Improvement of Sago Processing Machinery ....................................... 231
Darma
18 T he Structure and Characteristics of Sago Starch .............................. 247
Masanori Okazaki
19 R ecovery of Starch from Sago Pith Waste and Waste
Water Treatment ..................................................................................... 261
Budi Santoso
Contents ix
20 Acid Modification of Sago Hampas for Industrial Purposes .............. 271
Titi Candra Sunarti, Vioni Derosya, and Indah Yuliasih
Part VII New Carbohydrate Resources
21 Starch Properties and Uses as Food for Human Health
and Welfare .............................................................................................. 285
Kazuko Hirao, Tomoko Kondo, Keiji Kainuma,
and Setsuko Takahashi
22 Production, Purification, and Health Benefits of Sago Sugar ............. 299
Kopli Bujang
23 New Sago Palm Starch Resources and Starch Pith
Waste Properties ..................................................................................... 309
Takashi Mishima
Part VIII Conclusion
24 Outcomes and Recommendations from the 12th International
Sago Symposium ..................................................................................... 319
Yoshinori Yamamoto
Contributors
Barahima Abbas Faculty of Agriculture, University of Papua, Manokwari,
Indonesia
Fendri Ahmad Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Liska Ayulia Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Mochamad Hasjim Bintoro Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty
of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Barry Blaney Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation,
University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
Kopli Bujang Centre for Sago Research, Faculty of Resource Science and
Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Noraini Busri CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Darma Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Papua, Manokwari,
Indonesia
Vioni Derosya Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural
Technology and Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Hiroshi Ehara Applied Social System Institute of Asia; International Cooperation
Center for Agricultural Education, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Mary T. Fletcher Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation,
University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
Wardis Girsang Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pattimura, Ambon,
Indonesia
Andrew R. Greenhill Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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