Table Of ContentConference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Dario Di Maio
Javad Baqersad Editors
Rotating Machinery,
Optical Methods
& Scanning LDV
Methods, Volume 6
Proceedings of the 39th IMAC, A Conference and
Exposition on Structural Dynamics 2021
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics
Series
SeriesEditor
KristinB.Zimmerman,Ph.D.
SocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.,
Bethel,CT,USA
TheConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeriespresentsearlyfindingsandcasestudiesfrom
a wide range of fundamental and applied work across the broad range of fields that comprise Experimental Mechanics.
SeriesvolumesfollowtheprincipletracksorfocustopicsfeaturedineachoftheSociety’stwoannualconferences:IMAC,
AConferenceandExpositiononStructuralDynamics,andtheSociety’sAnnualConference&Expositionandwilladdress
criticalareasofinteresttoresearchersanddesignengineersworkinginallareasofStructuralDynamics,SolidMechanics
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8922
Dario Di Maio • Javad Baqersad
Editors
Rotating Machinery, Optical Methods &
Scanning LDV Methods, Volume 6
Proceedings of the 39th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition
on Structural Dynamics 2021
Editors
DarioDiMaio JavadBaqersad
MS3 KetteringUniversity
UniversityofTwente Flint,MI,USA
ENSCHEDE,Overijssel,TheNetherlands
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic)
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries
ISBN978-3-030-76334-3 ISBN978-3-030-76335-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76335-0
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Preface
RotatingMachinery,OpticalMethods&ScanningLDVMethodsrepresentsoneoftheninevolumesoftechnicalpaperspre-
sentedatthe39thIMAC,AConferenceandExpositiononStructuralDynamics,organizedbytheSocietyforExperimental
MechanicsandheldonFebruary8–11,2021.ThefullproceedingsalsoincludevolumesonNonlinearStructures&Systems;
DynamicsofCivilStructures;ModelValidationandUncertaintyQuantification;DynamicSubstructures;SpecialTopicsin
Structural Dynamics & Experimental Techniques; Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting &
DynamicEnvironmentsTesting;TopicsinModalAnalysis&ParameterIdentification;andDataScienceinEngineering.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportantareawithin
structuraldynamics.
Theorganizerswouldliketothanktheauthors,presenters,sessionorganizers,andsessionchairsfortheirparticipationin
thistrack.
Flint,MI,USA JavadBaqersad
Enschede,Overijssel,TheNetherlands D.DiMaio
v
Contents
1 WaveAR:AReal-TimeSensor-BasedAugmentedRealityImplementationforOperating
DeflectionShapes.............................................................................................. 1
DanielHerfertandKaiHenning
2 Full-Field 3D Mode Shape Measurement Using the Multiview Spectral Optical Flow
ImagingMethod ............................................................................................... 9
DomenGorjup,JankoSlavicˇ,andMihaBoltežar
3 StereophotogrammetryCameraPoseOptimization....................................................... 13
BryanL.Witt,J.JustinWilbanks,BrianC.Owens,andDanielP.Rohe
4 SimplifiedFiniteElementModelsofPyramidalTrussSandwichPanelswithWeldedJoints
forDynamicAnalysisandTheirExperimentalValidation ............................................... 39
KeYuanandWeidongZhu
5 Operational Modal Analysis of Rotating Structures Under Ambient Excitation Using
TrackingContinuouslyScanningLaserDopplerVibrometry............................................ 51
L. F.LyuandW. D.Zhu
6 DelaminationDetectioninFiberMetalLaminatesUsingUltrasonicWavefieldImaging............. 59
CaseyGardner,YoungKo,MichaelKoutoumbas,EricFlynn,IanCummings,andPhilCornwell
7 One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks for Real-Time Damage Detection
ofRotatingMachinery........................................................................................ 73
Onur Avci, Osama Abdeljaber, Serkan Kiranyaz, Sadok Sassi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim,
andMoncefGabbouj
8 APracticalGuidetoMotionMagnification ................................................................ 85
SeanCollierandTylerDare
9 SqueezeFilmDamperExperimentalandNumericalCorrelation:TestSetupDescription
andParameterIdentificationofDrySystem ............................................................... 93
JasonCook,JayBasinger,ThomasHazelwood,ClaireLuttrell,BlakeVan Hoy,andAdolfoDelgado
10 Full-FieldModalAnalysisbyUsingDigitalImageCorrelationTechnique............................. 105
DavideMastrodicasa,EmilioDiLorenzo,SimoneManzato,BartPeeters,andPatrickGuillaume
11 ValidatingComplexModelsAccuratelyandWithoutContactUsingScanningLaserDoppler
Vibrometry(SLDV) ........................................................................................... 113
JeromeEichenbergerandJoergSauer
12 EffectofDifferentTestSetupConfigurationsontheIdentificationofModalParameters
fromDigitalImageCorrelation.............................................................................. 125
L.Marchetti,D.Mastrodicasa,E.Di Lorenzo,S.Manzato,L.Bregant,B.Peeters,andP.Lava
13 WaveImage–OrderODSforRotatingMachineries...................................................... 135
MatthiasUrban,DanielHerfert,andMaikGollnick
vii
viii Contents
14 Multi-LevelDamageDetectionUsingOctreePartitioningAlgorithm................................... 143
MehrdadS.DizajiandZhuMao
15 Photogrammetry-BasedExperimentalModalAnalysisforPlateStructures........................... 147
J.S.KimandY.F.Xu
16 AnOpticalModeShape-BasedDamageDetectionUsingConvolutionalNeuralNetworks........... 157
CelsoT.doCaboandZhuMao
17 Full-Field3DExperimentalModalAnalysisfromDynamicPointCloudsMeasuredUsing
aTime-of-FlightImager ...................................................................................... 163
MoisésSilva,AndreGreen,JohnMorales,PeterMeyerhofer,YongchaoYang,EloiFigueiredo,
andDavidMascareñas
18 ApplicationofaU-NetConvolutionalNeuralNetworktoUltrasonicWavefieldMeasurements
forDefectCharacterization .................................................................................. 167
JoshuaD.Eckels,IsabelF.Fernandez,KellyHo,NikolaosDervilis,EricaM.Jacobson,andAdamJ.
Wachtor
19 ApplicationoftheRASTARMethodtoContinuousScanningLDVMeasurements................... 183
D.Di MaioandS.Bruinsma
Chapter 1
WaveAR: A Real-Time Sensor-Based Augmented Reality
Implementation for Operating Deflection Shapes
DanielHerfertandKaiHenning
Abstract We present WaveAR, the first sensor-based augmented reality system for structural dynamic measurements of
operating deflection shapes. WaveAR offers a significant simplification of the configuration effort of vibration sensor
measurementsbyanautomaticallysensortrackingcoupledbyanefficient3Dscangenerationofthestructure.ARmarkers
areusedforsensortrackingwhichareplacedonthesensor.Thisallowsthedeterminationofthesensorposerelativetothe
scanned structure. For this purpose the vibration sensors must be covered with AR markers. This allows a universal easy
applicationalsoforexistingsensorequipment.For3Dscanningandsensortracking,alow-coststereodepthcameraisused.
BecausetheARapplicationshouldbeindependentfromdataacquisitionhardware,wehaveimplementedauniversalHTTP
Rest-APIinterfacefordataacquisitionconnection.Throughthis,itisalsosupportedtousewirelesssensors.Basedonthis
configuration,areal-timevisualizationintheformofanaugmentedrealityapplicationoftheoperatingdeflectionshapescan
beperformedunderrealoperatingconditions.Thisenablestheusertoviewthemeasurementfromdifferentperspectivesby
movingthecameraaroundtheobjecttobeexamined.
Keywords Augmentedreality · Dataacquisition · Operatingdeflectionshapes · Sensorposetracking · 3Dscanning
1.1 Introduction
At the current state of technology, the performance of a vibration analysis for construction, evaluation, or dynamic
optimizationofstructuresorbuildingsrequiresalotoftimeandhumanresources.Especiallywhenusingmanysensorsand
complex structures from a geometrical point of view, a large amount of time has to be planned for the whole measuring
process. The structural dynamic validation of the measurement, especially the evaluation of the mode or operational
deflection shapes, is currently performed after the measurements. Thus, errors within the measurement process can only
bedetectedafterward.
Theuseofapplicationsforreal-timevisualizationintheformofanaugmentedreality(AR)representationisanessential
pointofinteractionbetweenthedigitalandanalogworldsintheindustrialenvironmentintheageofIndustry4.0.Currently,
these systems are used primarily for maintenance tasks, as digital manuals in service and maintenance, in plant and
productionplanning,intrainingandfurthereducation,andinmarketing,aswellasatexhibitions.Inmostcasesthesystems
areusedaspurevisualizationandthereisnoconsiderationofothersensors.TheuseofARsystemsincombinationwithother
sensorsoffersanevenmorerealisticinteractionbetweentheuserandthedigitalapplication.Thereal-timevisualizationof
essentialsensorinformationatthesceneoftheeventandalwaysinrelationtothestructureunderinvestigationaresignificant
advantagesofthesesystems.
These advantages would also be very useful for the field of structural dynamics within the construction phase of new
structures,aswellasintheoptimizationphaseofexistingstructureswhichwouldallowadirectinteractionwiththestructure.
Thus the vibration response of the structure could be visualized directly during operation. Again, this procedure would
significantlyreducethetimeneededtoperformvibrationanalysesandwouldalsoallowdirectanalysesinrealoperationof
thestructure.
In the context of this publication, the AR system was applied to the modal analysis of a car rim and a steel plate. In
additiontotheresults,thesignificanttimesavingsincarryingoutthemeasurementshouldbeshown.
D.Herfert((cid:2))·K.Henning
DepartmentofStructuralDynamics/PatternRecognition,SocietyfortheAdvancementofAppliedComputerScience,Berlin,Germany
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2022 1
D.DiMaio,J.Baqersad(eds.),RotatingMachinery,OpticalMethods&ScanningLDVMethods,Volume6,ConferenceProceedings
oftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76335-0_1
2 D.HerfertandK.Henning
1.2 Background
Inthefieldofstructuraldynamics,everincreasingdemandsaremadeonarealisticvisualizationofthenaturalandoperational
modes of vibration. This visualization is necessary to enable an optimal comparability with simulation results and is
necessarytoimplementanevenmorepreciseanalysis.Theimprovedvisualizationpossibilitiesof3Danimations,especially
ofcomputergamesandmovies,leadtohigherandhigherdemandsalsoonengineeringsoftware.
Currently,allformsofvisualizationasdefinedinthereality-virtualitycontinuum[1]areavailable,fromapurelyvirtual
vibration animation to a vibration animation in the real environment (see Fig. 1.1). In contrast to real-time visualization
applications, these are only available after the measurement is complete. Therefore, a direct interaction with the structure
duringoperationisnotpossiblefortheuser.
Toachievetheserealisticrepresentations,threethingsarenecessary:
1. 3Dreconstructionwithhighresolutionandtextureofthestructureunderinvestigation.
2. Highmeasurementresolution,sothatinthebestcase,onemeasurementpointcanbeassignedtoeachpointinthetriangle
mesh.
3. Texturesfromtherealenvironmenttoprojecttheresultsofthevibrationanalysisontherealbackground.
Currently,ARapplicationsaretechnicallyonlypossiblewithelectromechanicalsensors.Theopticalmethodsforvibration
measurementarecurrentlynotapplicableforARapplications.Forhigh-speedcameras,areal-timedatastreamviaEthernet
isnotfeasibleduetothelargeamountofdata.Withmultipointvibrometers,visualizationoranalysisofthemeasureddatais
alsoonlypossibleafterthemeasurement.Thebiggestdisadvantagesofelectromechanicalsensorsarethesignificantlyhigher
configuration effort, the measurement resolution, and the difficult surface measurement in comparison to optical methods.
Thus,afundamentalaimofthisworkistominimizethesedisadvantagescomparedtotheopticalsensors.
1.3 TechnicalImplementation
The aim of the work was the development of software components to accelerate and simplify the measurement chain for
vibration analysis of mechanical structures by means of electromechanical sensors. To achieve this aim, three software
componentswerecreatedthatcanbeusedautonomouslyorincombination(seeFig.1.2).
Fig.1.1 Overviewofallstructuraldynamicrepresentationforms(reality,augmentedreality,virtualreality,virtuality),createdwiththeWaveImage
software(gfaitechGmbH)
