Table Of ContentA JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY,
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
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13 (2)
REINWARDTIA
A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Vol. 13(2): 95 — 220, November 2, 2010
Chief Editor
KARTINI KRAMADIBRATA
Editors
DEDY DARNAEDI
TUKIRIN PARTOMIHARDJO
JOENI SETIJO RAHAJOE
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Lay out
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J. A. KESSLER, A. LATIFF–MOHAMAD, M. A. RIFAI, RUGAYAH, H. SOEDJITO, T. SETYAWATI, D. G. STONE,
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REINWARDTIA
Vol 13, No 2, pp: 125 − 145
REVISION OF DISSOCHAETA (MELASTOMATACEAE) IN JAVA,
INDONESIA
Received April 1, 2010; accepted May 4, 2010
ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO
Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology–LIPI, Jl. Raya Jakarta–Bogor Km.46, Cibinong 16911, Indone-
sia. E–mail: [email protected].
JAN FRITS VELDKAMP
Netherlands Centre of Biodiversity Naturalis (section National Herbarium of the Netherlands, NHN), Leiden Univer-
sity, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. E–mail:[email protected].
ABSTRACT
KARTONEGORO, A. & VELDKAMP, J.F. 2010. A revision of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae) in Java. Reinwardtia
13(2): 125–145. ⎯ There are 12 species of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae) in Java, Indonesia: D. bakhuizenii, D. brac-
teata, D. decipiens, D. fallax, D. gracilis, D. inappendiculata, D. intermedia, D. leprosa, D. monticola, D. reticulata, D.
sagittata and D. vacillans. Diplectria and Macrolenes are regarded as separate genera and species traditionally classi-
fied within the latter have not been included. Dissochaeta leprosa, D. reticulata, and D. sagittata are reinstated as spe-
cies. Dissochaeta gracilis is the most common species of Dissochaeta and D. bracteata is the rarest one. There are no
endemics for the island. Each taxon is provided with literature references, synonymy, morphological descriptions, dis-
tribution, ecological habitat, collector’s notes, and notes. An identification key and a list of collections seen are in-
cluded.
Key words: alternipetalous; Dissochaeta; Java; Melastomataceae; oppositipetalous.
ABSTRAK
KARTONEGORO, A. & VELDKAMP, J.F. 2010. Revisi Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae) di Jawa. Reinwardtia 13(2):
125–145. ⎯ Terdapat 12 jenis Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae) di Jawa, Indonesia: D. bakhuizenii, D. bracteata, D.
decipiens, D. fallax, D. gracilis, D. inappendiculata, D. intermedia, D. leprosa, D. monticola, D. reticulata, D. sagittata
dan D. vacillans. Diplectria dan Macrolenes ditetapkan sebagai marga yang terpisah dan jenis–jenis yang sebelumnya
diklasifikasikan di dalamnya tidak disertakan. Dissochaeta leprosa, D. reticulata, dan D. sagittata ditempatkan kembali
dalam status jenis. Dissochaeta gracilis adalah jenis yang paling umum dan D. bracteata adalah jenis yang jarang. Ti-
dak ada jenis yang endemik untuk pulau ini. Setiap takson ditampilkan dengan referensi literatur, sinonim, deskripsi
morfologi, distribusi, habitat ekologi, catatan kolektor dan catatan. Kunci identifikasi dan daftar koleksi yang dilihat
juga disertakan.
Kata Kunci: alternipetalous; Dissochaeta; Jawa; Melastomataceae; oppositipetalous.
INTRODUCTION D. cinnamomea Blume, D. decipiens Blume, and D.
ligulata Blume. Blume distinguished unranked
Dissochaeta Blume (1831; Melastomataceae) groups of species with either 4 stamens
was based on 15 species of which some had origi- (“Tetrandrae”) or with 8 stamens (“Octandrae”).
nally been described under Melastoma L. The name The latter group was divided again into one for one
Dissochaeta refers to the two filiform appendages at species where all stamens are fertile [D. pallida
the base of the anthers (Backer, 1936). Thirteen of (Jack) Blume] and one for one with 4 fertile sta-
these species are from Java: D. cyanocarpa (Blume) mens and 4 staminodes (D. cinnamomea). The rest
Blume [now a synonym of Diplectria divaricata group he tentatively referred to sect. Diplectriae
(Willd.) Kuntze; Veldkamp et al., 1978], D. fallax Blume which is here regarded as a distinct genus,
(Jack) Blume, D. fusca Blume, D. gracilis (Jack) Diplectria (Blume) Rchb. Cogniaux (1891) had a
Blume, D. inappendiculata Blume, D. intermedia similar division with the species with 8 stamens in
Blume, D. leprosa (Blume) Blume, D. monticola sect. Diplostemones Cogn. and those with 4 in sect.
Blume, D. reticulata Blume, D. sagittata Blume, D. Isostemones Cogn. The lectotype of Dissochaeta is
vacillans (Blume) Blume, and D. velutina Blume. In D. vacillans, designated in this paper, yet the sec-
1849 he added 5 more of which 3 came from Java: tional name Diplostemones to which it belongs does
125
126 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13
not become invalid, as lectotypification is not retro- stamens are fertile and the alternipetalous ones are
active. staminodial and very different in shape. These mor-
In his revision of the Melastomataceae, Bak- phological differences caused us to retain Dis-
huizen van den Brink f. (1943; 1965) recognized 7 sochaeta as distinct from Diplectria and Macrole-
woody genera of climbers: Backeria Bakh. f., Creo- nes.
chiton Blume, Dalenia Korth., Diplectria (Blume) This revision was based on morphological char-
Rchb., Dissochaeta Blume, Macrolenes Naudin acters on specimens seen in BO, CHTJ, and some
(formerly known as Marumia Blume, 1831, non on loan from L. Some type specimens were seen
Reinw., 1825), Neodissochaeta Bakh. f., and Om- from photo images available from websites pro-
phalopus Naudin. Veldkamp (1978) put Backeria in vided by L, NY, and U (now in L). Recently, a revi-
the synonymy of Diplectria and Neodissochaeta in sion of the genus for Malesia/Indonesia has begun
that of Dissochaeta Maxwell (1981, 1984) regarded in BO, starting with the species of Java.
Omphalopus and Dalenia as synonyms of Dis-
sochaeta.
According to a molecular study, Dissochaeta GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF DIS-
(including the allied genera Macrolenes and Diplec- SOCHAETA IN JAVA
tria) was strongly supported as a monophyletic
group (Clausing & Renner, 2001). Those three gen- Habit
era have the character of a scrambling habit as a
synapomorphy. Consequently, Renner et al. (2001) Dissochaeta species (just as those of Diplectria
united them into Dissochaeta. The generic bounda- and Macrolenes) are woody root–climbers. As the
ries among the three are problematic due to interme- inflorescences are terminal, the ultimate branching
diary species and doubtful homology assessments. mode is sympodial. The branchlets are usually
Their placing in one clade can still be considered as terete or angular, but rarely flattened. They have a
a matter of sister lineages. The development of the variable indument, hairs may be absent (D.
calyx and the development of the stamens are there gracilis), or, when present, simple, or stellate. Many
considered to be of infra–generic value. This is of parts may also be bristly or scaly. Almost all species
course a taxonomic decision and depends on a per- have swollen nodes and interpetiolar lines, ridges,
sonal evaluation. Creochiton that also has a scram- or crests, which are often annular as in Dissochaeta
bling habit was retained as a distinct genus. To- reticulata.
gether with shrub genus Pseudodissochaeta M.P.
Nayar all can be placed in the subtribe Dissochaet- Leaves
inae Naudin (Clausing & Renner, 2001).
As said, the species of Dissochaeta species are The petiole is usually well–developed, always
climbers or scramblers. They are usually found at terete, dorsally grooved, and with the same indu-
the edges of primary or secondary forests. They are ment as the branchlets. From the leaf base arise 1 to
pioneers in the Chablis, gaps, and openings after 3 pairs of lateral veins and the venation is acrodro-
shifting cultivation, fires, or logging, etc. In this, mal. The shape of the blades is quite variable, usu-
they are similar to the allied genera Diplectria and ally they are ovate to lanceolate, with a rounded or
Macrolenes. Java has two main types of forest. In sometimes cordate base (as in D. fallax, D. interme-
the West, it is the wet rain forest that gradually dia, and D. leprosa), entire margins, and an acute to
passes into a drier condition in the East. The genus acuminate tip. The upper sides are always glabrous
occurs especially in the West from Mount Pulosari at maturity, the lower sides are glabrous (D.
in Banten to Mount Slamet in Banyumas, Central gracilis) or densely tomentose (D. leprosa).
Java, Dissochaeta fallax and D. leprosa have been
found in some places in East Java. Inflorescences
In Java, Dissochaeta is easily distinguished from
Diplectria and Macrolenes by floral characters. The The inflorescences are terminal and axillary, thus
calyx has hardly any lobes and there are 4 or 8 sta- forming sometimes large thyrses, very commonly
mens, where the alternipetalous ones are fertile and with up to 5 ramifications. The ultimate branching
larger and the oppositipetalous smaller, sometimes is cymose and thus the central flowers always have
reduced or staminodial. Macrolenes has well– longer pedicels and are larger than the lateral ones.
developed calyx lobes, the 4 or 8 stamens are fer- Bracts are present at each node of the inflorescences
tile, while there are no staminodes. The alternipeta- and there is a pair of bracteoles at the base of each
lous stamens have 2 or more, and then dense fili- pedicel. Both are usually inconspicuous and (early)
form appendages. In Diplectria the oppositipetalous caducous. The axes of the inflorescences and in-
fructescences are usually quadrangular with an in-
2010] KAR TONE GORO & VEL DKAM P. Re vision o f Disso chaeta (Melas tomata ceae) in Java , Indon e sia 127
dument similar to those of the branchlets. Dis- fers from D. vacillans by the unappendaged crest of
sochaeta gracilis has glabrous branchlets and axes. all stamens. In Dissochaeta reticulata the stamens
have crests without appendages, while the oppositi-
Flowers petalous ones have ligular and erect crests. Dis-
sochaeta fallax has anthers very different from the
The calyx tube, or rather the hypanthium, is other species. The surface is tesselate while in the
campanulate, urceolate, or tubular. Often there are 4 others it is smooth. The filament is attached in the
or 8 vertical ridges, at least when dry. The indument middle, not at the base. Therefore, it has been re-
is variable, ranging from absent, with scattered garded as a distinct genus, Omphalopus, or as a
hairs, or nearly densely tomentose. In a few species monotypic section, Omphalopus (Naudin) Baill.
it is bristly. Its rim is either truncate, as in D. reticu- The ovary is from half to nearly 2/3 times as
lata, or has distinct rounded and triangular lobes as long as the hypanthium. The apex is usually gla-
in D. leprosa. Dissochaeta intermedia and D. lep- brous, but sometimes densely pubescent. It is con-
rosa appear to be distinct by the shape and size of crescent with the hypanthium with or without septs.
the hypanthium while in the other characters they These septs form a chamber or pocket in which the
are very similar. The slender hypanthium has a trun- anther is inserted in bud. Bakhuizen van den Brink
cate rim in D. intermedia while it is robust with a f. called this an extra–ovarial chamber. The number
triangular rim in D. leprosa. and depth of these extra–ovarial chambers depends
The petals usually form a conical bud, or it is on the number and size of the fertile stamens. Usu-
rounded with tubular or angular sides. Petals with ally there are 4 or 8, which vary from shallow to
acuminate tips in bud are uncommon, e.g. in D. re- reaching to the base of the ovary.
ticulata. The base of the petals is thin, conspicuous,
symmetric, glabrous, and colourful. However, the Fruits
colour of the petals appears to be variable and is of
no use as a diagnostic character. Some petals have The fruits are berry–like, globose or ovoid, col-
appressed hairs at the base or minute ones at the ourful when mature, sometimes with four prominent
margin. calyx remnants. They are usually glabrous, but
The characters of the stamens are generally con- sometimes they are furfuraceous. In some species
sidered to be of great taxonomic importance for the there are distinct vertical ridges. Dissochaeta inap-
Melastomataceae. Here there are normally two, di- pendiculata and D. vacillans are hard to distinguish
morphic staminal whorls, an outer, alternipetalous when sterile and have similar fruits, so one must
whorl and an inner, oppositipetalous one (Maxwell, have flowers to distinguish them.
1981). Alternipetalous are stamens that alternate
with the attachment of the petals and oppositipeta-
lous are those that are opposite to the attachment of DISTRIBUTION
the petals. The alternipetalous stamens are usually
larger and always fertile, while the oppositipetalous Dissochaeta (excluding Diplectria and Macrole-
ones are smaller, reduced, staminodial or absent. nes) have about 31 species throughout Malesia.
The anthers in both types are ovate to linear, gla- Some species are also found in Peninsular Thailand
brous, rarely tessellate, beaked or not, with a single and Indochina (Maxwell, 1984). From all regions
opening pore, rarely with 2. Staminodes are less Borneo is the richest in species number and Java
than 1/3 as long as the alternipetalous stamens and shares about 30%. According to our revision, Java
(of course) lack pollen. The filament is attached at has 12 species in common. Sumatra is the most
the base, dorsal or at the middle of the anther. The similar region because all Javanese species are
connective usually has one dorsal appendage found there as well. Three species, D. bakhuizenii,
(known as a crest or basal crest) and two lateral D. decipiens and D. leprosa have only been found
ones. The crests are membranous, triangular, ob- in these islands. The similar climatic conditions in
long, or ligular. The lateral appendages are solitary Java (especially in the western part) and Sumatra
or paired, filiform to ribbon–like, sometimes they most likely are the cause. Wet rain forest and sev-
are divided at the apex. The staminodes have a eral volcanic mountains are very common in both.
curved filament and an erect spuriform crest. The No species are endemic to Java. Some species occur
differences in staminal characters are useful at the at high elevation at the lower mountain slopes. The
specific level. On the basis of vegetative characters, main distribution is from Mount Pulosari in Banten,
D. bakhuizenii Veldk. and D. vacillans are not eas- West Java, to Mount Slamet in Banyumas, Central
ily distinguished, but in their staminal characters Java. Dissochaeta intermedia and D. leprosa have
they are quite distinct: Dissochaeta bakhuizenii dif- been found between 1100 and 2000 m.
128 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13
TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION tose, mostly inconspicuous and early caducous.
Flowers 4–merous. Hypanthium campanulate, ur-
DISSOCHAETA Blume ceolate or tubular, glabrous to densely tomentose,
Dissochaeta Blume, Flora 14 (1831) 492 ≡ Bijdr. Nat. with 4 or 8 vertical ridges; calyx rim truncate or
Wet. 6 (1831) 234; Mus. Bot. Lugd.–Bat 1, 3 (1849) 35; with distinct rounded or triangular lobes, glabrous
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1 (1855) 521; Cogn., in A. DC., or with scattered hairs to nearly densely tomentose;
Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 554; Bakh. f., Meded. Mus. Bot.
corolla in bud conical or rounded, tubular or angu-
Utrecht 91 (1943) 218 ≡ Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943)
lar, tip acute or acuminate; petals at base thin,
218; in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1965) 364; Veldk.,
asymmetric, glabrous, sometimes with appressed
Blumea 24 (1978) 438; J.F. Maxwell, Gard. Bull. Sing.
hairs at base or margins puberulous. Stamens 4 or 8,
33 (1981 ”1980”) 313. ― Dissochaeta sect. Dis-
alternipetalous and oppositipetalous; filaments
sochaetae Blume, Flora 14 (1831) 493 ≡ Bijdr. Nat. Wet.
6 (1831) 235, nom. inval. ― Dissochaeta sect. Eudis- curved; anthers usually basifixed, sometimes dorsi-
sochaeta Blume ex Èndl., Gen. Pl. (1840) 1219, nom. fixed or medifixed, dimorphic, the alternipetalous
inval. ― Dissochaeta sect. Diplostemones Cogn. in A. ones larger and fertile, the oppositipetalous ones
DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 555. ― Lectotype: D. vac- smaller, staminodial or reduced to absent, ovate to
illans (Blume) Blume (designated here). linear, glabrous, rarely tessellate, beaked or not,
Omphalopus Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 15
distally with a single pore, rarely with 2; crests tri-
(1851) 277; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1 (1855) 531; Cogn., in
angular, sagittate, membranous, oblong or ligular;
A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 570; Bakh. f., Meded.
lateral appendages single or paired, filiform to rib-
Mus. Bot. Utrecht 91 (1943) 117 ≡ Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl.
bon–like, apex sometimes divided; staminodes less
40 (1943) 117; in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1965)
than 1/3 as long as the alternipetalous anthers, with
363. ― Dissochaeta sect. Omphalopus (Naudin) Baill.,
Hist. Pl. 7 (1880) 51. ― Lectotype: Omphalopus fallax an erect crest, spuriform. Ovary half to 2/3 or nearly
(Jack) Naudin [= Dissochaeta fallax (Jack) Blume] as long as the hypanthium, apex glabrous to densely
(designated by Bakhuizen f. (1943: 118)). pubescent, 4–locular; concrescent with the hypan-
Dissochaeta sect. Anoplodissochaeta Baill., Hist. Pl. thium, without or with 4 or 8 longitudinal septs
7 (1880) 51. ― Type: D. inappendiculata Blume. forming extra–ovarial chambers for the anthers,
Dissochaeta sect. Dissochaetopsis Cogn. in A. DC.,
shallow to reaching to the base of the ovary. Fruits
Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 563. ― Type: D. schumannii
berry–like, globose or ovoid, colourful when ma-
Cogn.
ture, sometimes with four prominent calyx rem-
Dissochaeta sect. Isostemones Cogn. in A. DC.,
nants, glabrous to furfuraceous; some with distinct
Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 561. ― Lectotype:
vertical ridges; stalk glabrous to tomentose; seeds
D. monticola Blume (designated here).
Neodissochaeta Bakh. f., Meded. Mus. Bot. Utrecht cuneate.
91 (1943) 134 ≡ Rec. Trav. Bot. Néerl. 40 (1943) 134; in
Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1965) 365. ― Lectotype: Distribution. Indo–China, Peninsular Thailand and
Neodissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Bakh. f. [= Dissochaeta Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Lesser
gracilis (Jack) Blume] (designated here). Sunda Isl. (Bali), Borneo, Celebes, the Philippines,
Melastoma auct. non Burm. ex L.: Jack, Trans. Linn.
and New Guinea.
Soc. 14 (1823) 9; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned.–Ind. 17 (1826)
1067 (p.p.).
KEY TO THE SPECIES IN JAVA
Habit woody sympodial climbers, creepers or
1. a. Stamens 4………………………………………….2
scramblers, rarely epiphytic. Branchlets terete or
b. Stamens 8………………………………………….6
angular, rarely flattened; glabrous to pubescent with 2. a. Anthers with smooth locules; filament basi-
stellate or simple hairs; bristly or scaly; sometimes fixed……………………………………………….3
with adventitious roots; nodes swollen with an b. Anthers with tessellate locules; filament medi-
interpetiolar line, sometimes ridged or crested, often fixed…………………...………………..4. D. fallax
annular. Petioles terete with a dorsal groove, indu- 3. a. Hypanthium slender, 1–4 mm long; calyx rim
truncate, less than 1.5 mm long; anthers less
ment as of the branchlet. Leaf blades with acrodro-
than 5 mm long……………………………………4
mal venation, ovate to lanceolate, base rounded or
b. Hypanthium robust, 4–10 mm long; calyx rim dis-
sometimes cordate, margins entire, apex acute to
tinctly triangular, 2–3 mm long; anthers more than
acuminate, upper side glabrous, under side glabrous
5 mm long……………………….……8. D. leprosa
to densely tomentose; venation arising from base
4. a. Branchlet, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium
with 1 to 3 pairs of lateral veins. Thyrses terminal
densely stellate–furfuraceous or nearly tomentose.
and axillary many–flowered, with 2 to 5 ramifica- Anthers linear–lanceolate, extra–ovarial chambers
tions. Axis quadrangular, indument similar to that deep, reaching the base of the ovary…………...…5
of the branchlets. Bracts and bracteoles distinct or b. Branchlets, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium
minute, linear to ovate, glabrous to densely tomen- glabrous to sparsely stellate–puberulous. Anthers
2010] KAR TONE GORO & VEL DKAM P. Re vision o f Disso chaeta (Melas tomata ceae) in Java , Indon e sia 129
oblong or lanceolate, extra–ovarial chamber reach- densely short stellate–furfuraceous; midrib with 1 or
ing a little beyond the middle of the 2 lateral veins. Inflorescences terminal, up to 25 cm
ovary………………………….…....3. D. decipiens long; main axis stellate–furfuraceous; peduncle ca.
5. a. Branchlets, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium
8.5 cm long; bracts minute; pedicels stellate–
densely brown stellate–tomentose. Hypanthium
furfuraceous, 6–12 mm long. Hypanthium cam-
campanulate, angular. Anthers “S”–shaped when
panulate or tubular, sparsely stellate–puberulous or
mature……………………………..7. D. intermedia
nearly glabrous, 2–5 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx
b. Branchlets, underside leaf blade, and hypanthium
truncate with 4 undulate lobes, widened, glabrous, 1
densely brown stellate–furfuraceous. Hypanthium
campanulate or urceolate, terete or rounded. An- mm long; petal bud conical, ca. 5 mm long; petals
thers sickle–shaped when mature……………… ovate, glabrous, pale pink to violet ca. 4 by 7 mm.
……………………………………..9. D. monticola Stamens 8, equal or subequal, alternipetalous and
6. a. Oppositipetalous stamens fertile…………….……7 oppositipetalous, all fertile; filaments flat, 3–3.5
b. Oppositipetalous stamens staminodial, distinctly mm long; anthers lanceolate, 3–4 mm long; crests
different in size from the alternipetalous ones .…11
triangular, 1 mm long, acute; lateral appendages
7. a. Bracteoles not covering the hypanthium, linear or
absent. Ovary half the length of the hypanthium,
minute, glabrous to densely stellate–furfuraceous.
apex puberulous; extra–ovarial chambers 8, reach-
Stamens unequal or subequal……………………..8
ing to the middle of the ovary. Style glabrous, 10–
b. Bracteoles covering the hypanthium, ovate, densely
12 mm long. Berry ovoid or subglobose, glabrous,
stellate–furfuraceous. All stamens equal in shape
and size……………………...……..2. D. bracteata violet, 4–5 by 3–4 mm; stalks 4–9 mm long.
8. a. Underside leaf blade and hypanthium densely
furfuraceous or stellate–furfuraceous. Oppositi– Distribution. Sumatra (North Sumatra, West Suma-
petalous stamens with an erect ligular crest……....9 tra, Simeleu), Java (Banten, West Java).
b. Underside leaf blade and hypanthium glabrous or
sparsely furfuraceous. Oppositipetalous stamens
Habitat and ecology. Secondary forest or near cra-
with a triangular crest………………….………...10
ter in open forest, 800–1300 m alt.
9. a. Veins of the leaf blades reticulate. Oppositi–
petalous stamens with an erect ligular, bifid or trifid
Collector’s notes. Climber. Flower pink. Stamens 8
crest, lateral appendages absent…..10. D. reticulata
(De Voogd and Bloembergen s.n. BO.1747916;
b. Veins of the leaf blades not reticulate. Opposi
tipetalous stamens with a sagittate crest…………… L.908.129–228).
……………………………………..11. D. sagittata
10.a. Under side leaf blade shortly stellate–furfuraceous. Notes. Dissochaeta bakhuizenii is very similar to D.
Hypanthium tubular. Stamens subequal, without vacillans but is different by the absence of lateral
lateral appendages……..………....1. D. bakhuizenii appendages in both the alternipetalous and oppositi-
b. Underside leaf blade glabrous or with sparsely
petalous stamens, the unappendaged crests, and the
stellate hairs. Hypanthium campanulate or ur–
short stellate–furfuraceous underside of the leaf
ceolate. Stamens unequal, all with 1 or 2 fili–
blades. The species is common in Sumatra, in Java
form lateral append ages…....……..12. D. vacillans
it is known only from a few collections, which are a
11.a. Leaf blade distinctly thin (when dry). Indument
good match for the type specimen (Bünnemeijer
absent. Alternipetalous stamens with two opening
pores……………………………….…5. D. gracilis 1053).
b. Leaf blade not distinctly thin (when dry). In dument
absent or consisting of stellate hairs. Alternipeta- Specimens examined. BANTEN. Citorek & Muncang:
lous stamens with a single opening pores…...…… Backer 1839 (BO). WEST JAVA. Mt. Salak: Hoover &
…………...………………….6. D. inappendiculata Girmansyah 31909 (BO), Wiriadinata & Hoover 31204
(BO), De Voogd & Bloembergen s.n. (BO.1747916;
L.908.129–228) (BO, L): Leuwiliang: Backer 25705
1. DISSOCHAETA BAKHUIZENII Veldk. ― Fig. (BO); Mt. Sembung: Backer 12256 (BO.1428173) (BO).
1, 2a. No specific location: Anon.. s.n. (L.908.129–1720) (L).
Dissochaeta bakhuizenii Veldk., Blumea 24 (1978)
2. DISSOCHAETA BRACTEATA (Jack) Blume
443. ― Type: Sumatra, West Coast, Tanang Taloe, Bün-
― Fig.1, 2b.
nemeijer 1053 (L; iso BO).
Branchlets terete, ca. 3 mm diameter, greyish or Dissochaeta bracteata (Jack) Blume, Flora 14 (1831)
brown stellate–puberulous. Petioles stellate– 495 ≡ Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 238; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind.
1 (1855) 529; Cogn., in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891)
furfuraceous 1.2–1.5 cm long. Leaves blades oblong
558; Bakh. f., Meded. Mus. Bot. Utrecht 91 (1943) 225 ≡
–lanceolate, 7.5–10 by 3–4.5 cm; base rounded;
Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943) 225; in Backer & Bakh.
apex acuminate, tip ca. 5 mm long; underside
f., Fl. Java 1 (1965) 364; J.F. Maxwell, Gard. Bull. Sing.
130 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13
33 (1981 ”1980”) 313. ― Melastoma bracteata Jack, diameter, stellate–furfuraceous. Petioles stellate–
Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1823) 9 (“bracteatum”). ― Dis- furfuraceous, 5–10 mm long. Leaves blades ovate or
sochaeta bracteolata Blume ex J.G. Watson, Mal. For. oblong, chartaceous, 6–13 by 3–7 cm; base subcor-
Rec. 5 (1928) 183 (sphalm.). ― Neotype: Malay Penin-
date; apex acuminate, tip 3–5 mm long; underside
sula, Penang, Wallich Cat. 4044 (K, n.v., IDC microfiche
stellate–puberulous, young leaf densely stellate–
1084/1, proposed by Maxwell (in sched.), designated
furfuraceous; midrib with 2 lateral veins. Inflores-
here).
cences terminal, up to 15 cm long; main axis stellate
Dissochaeta bracteata Korth. in Temminck, Verh.
–furfuraceous; peduncle 2–3 cm long; bracts ovate,
Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. (1844) 237, tab. 55, non
Blume (1831). ― Dissochaeta korthalsii Miq., Fl. Ned. stellate–furfuraceous, 10–12 by 5–6 mm; pedicels
Ind. 1, 1 (1855) 528. ― Type: Sumatra, Doekoe, stellate–furfuraceous, 2–5 mm long; bracteoles
Korthals s.n. (L 908.129–662; iso L 908.129–1678, – ovate or ovate oblong, densely stellate–
1688). furfuraceous, covering the hypanthium, 5–9 by 2–4
Dissochaeta bracteosa Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. mm. Hypanthium campanulate or nearly tubular,
III, 15 (1851) 76; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1 (1855) 528. ―
rarely suburceolate, densely stellate–furfuraceous, 3
Type: Malay Peninsula, Penang, Gaudichaud 97 (P, n.v.).
–8 by 2–4 mm diameter; calyx truncate with
Anplectrum viminale auct. non Blume: Blume, Flora
rounded or triangular lobes, stellate–furfuraceous, 1
14 (1831) 495, p.p. ≡ Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 238, p.p.
–1.5 mm long; petal bud conical or subrotund, 1–4
― Vouchers: Java, Herb. Blume s.n. (L 908.129–1531),
mm long; petals ovate, glabrous or with appressed
Borneo, Korthals s.n. (L 908.129–8, –28).
hair at base inside, ca. 10 by 5 mm. Stamens 8,
Branchlets terete or subquadrangular, 3–5 mm equal or subequal, alternipetalous and oppositipeta-
Fig. 1. Distribution map of D. bakhuizenii (●) and D. bracteata (□) in Java.
4 mm
4 mm
3 mm
3 mm
b
a
Fig. 2. Flower bud and alternipetalous stamen in bud, a. D. bakhuizenii
(Wiriadinata & Hoover 31204). b. D. bracteata (Backer 4139).
2010] KAR TONE GORO & VEL DKAM P. Re vision o f Disso chaeta (Melas tomata ceae) in Java , Indon e sia 131
lous, all fertile; filaments flat, basifixed 6–8 mm sparsely stellate–puberulous; midrib with 1 lateral
long; anthers linear or lanceolate, when mature S– vein. Inflorescences terminal and from the upper
shaped, ca. 15 mm long, straight in bud, ca. 8 mm leaf axils, up to 22 cm long; main axis sparsely stel-
long; crests triangular 1 mm long; lateral append- late–furfuraceous; peduncle up to 7 cm long; bracts
ages two, filiform, 3–5 mm long, sometimes divided minute; pedicels sparsely stellate–furfuraceous, 2–5
at the apex. Ovary half as long as the hypanthium, mm long; bracteoles linear, sparsely stellate–
apex pubescent; extra–ovarial chambers 8, deep, furfuraceous, 3–4 mm long. Hypanthium campanu-
reaching between the middle and the base of the late or rarely urceolate, glabrescent or stellate–
ovary. Style glabrous or subglabrescent, swollen at furfuraceous, 2–4 by 1–3 mm; calyx truncate with 4
the apex, 6–10 mm long. Berry elliptic, stellate– undulate subtriangular lobes, glabrous, 0.5–1 mm
furfuraceous, 6–10 by 3–5 mm; stalks glabrescent long; petal bud conical 1–5 mm long; petals elliptic
or stellate–furfuraceous, 5–7 mm long. to oblong, glabrous, white, pink or red, 4–5 by 2.5–
3.5 mm. Stamens 4, equal, alternipetalous, all fer-
tile, curved when mature; filaments flat, basifixed 2
Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Malacca, Penang,
–4 mm long; anthers oblong or lanceolate, 3–5 mm
Perak, Selangor), Sumatra (West and North), Java
long; crests triangular 0.5–1 mm long; lateral ap-
(West, very rare, not seen for nearly a century),
pendages two, filiform or ribbon–like, sometimes
Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines
unequal in length, 1–3 mm long. Ovary half or 2/3
(Panay).
times as long as the hypanthium, apex puberulous;
extra–ovarial chambers 4, reaching beyond the apex
Habitat and ecology. Secondary forest, ca. 600 m
and middle of the ovary. Style glabrous, swollen at
alt.
apex, 4–8 mm long. Berry globose, glabrous to stel-
late–puberulous, 2–5 by 2.5–4 mm; stalks 4–7 mm
Notes. Dissochaeta bracteata has distinct ovate long.
bracteoles which cover the hypanthium when in
bud. The alternipetalous stamens are nearly similar
Distribution. Sumatra (West), Java (Banten, West
in shape with those of D. leprosa but differ by hav-
Java, Central Java).
ing fertile oppositipetalous ones. This species is
very rare in Java and known from only a few speci-
Habitat and ecology. Secondary forest at 600–
mens. In L there is only one collection by Blume,
1200 m alt.
identified as Aplectrum viminale by him. It probably
is a mislabelled Korthals collection from Borneo.
This is the only species in Java of section Dis- Notes. When sterile D. decipiens is very similar to
sochaeta. D. vacillans. It is distinct by having only 4 stamens.
The shape of the alternipetalous stamens is also
similar by their triangular to hastate crests and the
Specimens examined. WEST JAVA. Bolang: Backer
4139 (BO). No specific location: Blume s.n. (L . 908.129 two filiform lateral appendages. Maxwell (1983)
–1531,–8,–18) (L, vouchers for Aplectrum viminale put D. decipiens under synonymy of D. monticola
sensu Blume, non Jack). because of the similarity in shape and the number of
stamens (4 alternipetalous) but We agree with Bak-
huizen van den Brink f. (1943) that this is a differ-
3. DISSOCHAETA DECIPIENS Blume ― Fig. 3, ent species with a glabrous leaf and hypanthium
4a. while in D. monticola it is brown stellate–
furfuraceous on the underside of the leaf and on the
hypanthium. Dissochaeta decipiens is mainly found
Dissochaeta decipiens Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.–Bat
in Java since only a single collection one from Mt.
1, 3 (1849) 36; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1 (1855) 529; Bakh. f.,
Kerinci in Sumatra was made by Korthals
Meded. Mus. Bot. Utrecht 91 (1943) 222 ≡ Rec. Trav.
Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943) 222; In Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java (Bakhuizen van den Brink f., 1943).
1 (1965) 364. ― Type: Java, Kuhl & Van Hasselt s.n. (L
908.129–218; iso L 908.129–258). Specimens examined. BANTEN. Citorek & Muncang:
Backer 1835 (BO); Mt. Karang: Backer 7470 (BO).
WEST JAVA. Leuwiliang: Bakhuizen f. 3336 (BO, L,
Branchlets terete 3–6 mm diameter, glabrous or
U); Mt. Pangrango: Kartonegoro 318 (BO); Mt.
sparsely stellate–furfuraceous. Petioles stellate–
Halimun: Backer 10914 (BO). CENTRAL JAVA.
furfuraceous, 0.5–2 cm long. Leaves blades ovate or
Josorejo: Backer 16219 (BO). No specific location: De
ovate–oblong, 6–15 by 3–6 cm; base rounded; apex
Vriese 77 (L); De Vriese 95 (L); Kuhl & Van Hasselt s.n.
acuminate, tip 1–2 cm long; underside glabrous or
(L.908.129–218,–258) (L, type).
132 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13
Fig. 3. Distribution map of D. decipiens in Java.
4. DISSOCHAETA FALLAX (Jack) Blume ― Fig. voguineensis Mansf. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 60
4b, 5. (1926) 113 ― Type: New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland,
Kani–Gebirges, Schlechter 15159 (B; lost; iso NY,
Dissochaeta fallax (Jack) Blume, Flora 14 (1831) photo).
493 ≡ Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 236. ― Melastoma fal-
lax Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc., London 14 (1823) 13; Branchlets terete or subquadrangular, 3–6 mm
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned.–Ind. 17 (1826) 1068. ― Ompha- diameter, puberulous to brown stellate–
lopus fallax (Jack) Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 15 furfuraceous. Petioles puberulous to densely stellate
(1851) 277; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1 (1855) 531; Cogn., in –furfuraceous, 8–23 mm long. Leaves blades ovate,
A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 7 (1891) 570; Bakh. f., Meded.
ovate–oblong, or oblong–lanceolate, 6–15.5 by 3–9
Mus. Bot. Utrecht 91 (1943) 118 ≡ Rec. Trav. Bot.
cm; base subcordate, rarely rounded; apex acumi-
Neerl. 40 (1943) 118; in Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1
nate, tip 0.5–1 cm long; underside densely brown
(1965) 363; J.F. Maxwell, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1981
stellate–furfuraceous; midrib with 2 lateral veins.
”1980”) 314. ― Neotype: Sumatra, Bencoolen, Ajer
Inflorescences terminal and from the upper leaf
Angat, G. Kaba, Forbes 2882–a (L, designated here).
Melastoma reinwardtianum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned.– axils, up to 35 cm long; main axis densely stellate–
Ind. 17 (1826) 1069. ― Dissochaeta reinwardtiana furfuraceous; peduncle up to 8 cm long; bracts min-
(Blume) Hochr., Candollea 2 (1925) 472. ― Type: Java, ute; pedicels densely stellate–furfuraceous (1–)3–5
West. Kuhl & Van Hasselt s.n. (lectotype L 908.132– mm long; bracteoles linear, stellate–furfuraceous, 2
336; iso L 908.132–335, –337, designated by Bakhuizen mm long. Hypanthium campanulate or usually sub-
f. (1943: 119)).
urceolate, slender, terete or angular, densely stellate
Dissochaeta diepenhorstii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl.
–furfuraceous, 1–6 by 1–3 mm diameter; calyx trun-
1, Sumatra (1860) 121 ― Type: Sumatra, West Coast,
cate with rounded or triangular lobes, 0.5–1(–2.5)
Priaman, Diepenhorst HB 1323 (U; iso BO).
mm long, glabrous or with stellate hairs; petals in
Omphalopus fallax (Jack) Naudin var. no-
bud rounded or subconical, with an acuminate tip,
4 mm 4 mm
3 mm
3 mm
a b
Fig. 4. Flower bud and alternipetalous stamen in bud.
a. D. decipiens (Kartonegoro 318). b. D. fallax (Koorders 40738).
