Table Of ContentReview of Progress in
QUANTITATIVE
NONDESTRUCTIVE
EVALUATION
Volume 12A
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only
upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Review of Progress in
QUANTITATIVE
NONDESTRUCTIVE
EVALUATION
Volume 12A
Edited by
o.
Donald Thompson
Center for NDE
Ames Laboratory (USDOE)
and Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
and
Dale E. Chimenti
Center for NDE
and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress has cataloged earlier volumes of this title as follows:
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation.
"Proceedings of the Eighth Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 2-7, 1981, at the
University of Colorado, Boulder" - Vol. 1, verso t.p.
"First half of the proceedings of the ninth review of progress in quantitative non
destructive evaluation, held August 1-6, 1982, at the University of California, San
Diego, California" - Vol. 2A, t.p. verso.
"Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Evaluation, held August 7-12, 1983, atthe University of California, Santa Cruz, Califor
nia"-Vol. 3, verso ClPt.p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Nondestructive testing-Congresses. I. Thompson, Donald o. II. Chimenti, Dale E.
III. United States. Air Force. IV. Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (8th: 1981: University of Colo
rado, Boulder) V. United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
TA417.2.R48 1982 620.1'127 82-9140
ISBN 0-306-44483-6
First half of the proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Review of
Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,
held July 19-24, 1992, in La Jolla, California
© 1993 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
These Proceedings, consisting of Parts A and B, contain the edited versions of most of
the papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Evaluation held at the University of California San Diego, in La Jolla, California on July 19-
July 24, 1992. The Review was organized by the Center for NDE at Iowa State University
and the Ames Laboratory of the USDOE in cooperation with a number of organizations
including the Air Force Wright Laboratory Materials Directorate, the American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, the Center for NDE at Johns Hopkins University, the Department of
Energy, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, the National Science Foundation IndustrylUniversity Cooperative Research
Centers, and the Working Group in Quantitative NDE.
This year's Review of Progress in QNDE was attended by approximately 475
participants from the U.S. and many foreign countries who presented over 380 papers. With
such a large volume of work to review, the meeting was divided into 36 sessions with as many
as four sessions running concurrently. The Review covered all phases of NDE research and
development from fundamental investigations to engineering applications or inspection
systems, and it included all methods of inspection science from acoustics to x-rays. During the
last twenty years, the participants of the Review have contributed to its steady growth. Thanks
to their efforts, the Review is today one of the largest and most significant gatherings of NDE
researchers and engineers anywhere in the world.
Drawing on experience and wishing to streamline the process, the Editors have once
again structured with the Proceedings, and the Review itself, in formats as similar as the
submitted papers would allow. The result of this consistent ordering has produced a logical
organization for both the meeting and the present volume. The reader will find that the
arrangement of papers into topical subject headings follows a plan now familiar to regular
attendees of the Review, preserving the user-friendly nature of the document. Of course, some
minor changes in the headings and their subcategories had to be introduced to accommodate
the evolution of the field as we observe it. The contents contain subject areas which reflect the
current activity in NDE; these areas are chosen to include within their scope all papers in the
Proceedings. In the following paragraphs a brief summary of the research presented in each of
these topical areas is offered.
Focussing on the theme of technology transition, the 1992 keynote address by Donald
W. Pearman of the U.S. Dept. of Energy San Francisco Field Office reviewed recent changes
in federal law that made transfer of technology from all government labs, and in particular from
the DOE research establishment, more accessible to private industry. Dr. Pearman told his
audience that the federal government is now clearly viewing the global competitiveness of U.S.
companies as a critical component of U.S. national security. The National Technology
Initiative (NTI) was discussed in the light of this new awareness, and several examples of DOE
technology transfer "success stories" were offered. Following Dr. Pearman's address, Dr. J. A.
Heim of the National Academy of Engineering addressed the complex issues surrounding
manufacturing excellence. What elements must manufacturers identify and improve to
compete in a global market? Dr. Heim discussed a set of broadly applicable, generic principles
characteristic of world-class manufacturing practice. Dr. J. David Roessner of Georgia
Institute of Technology put technology transfer into a national perspective. He discussed
issues concerning the transfer from universities to industry, from federal labs to industry, and
from a variety of sources to small businesses. His realistic assessment of this process to date is
of value to all as this topic takes on added impetus in the future.
Chapter 1 of the Review covers developments of standard techniques, which are still
being actively pursued. This chapter contains papers on Elastic Wave Scattering, where
emphasis is on crack-like scatterers. Wave behavior in the presence of material dispersion and
anisotropy is the subject of the section on Elastic Wave Propagation. Papers on Eddy Currents
treat detection, inversion, and modeling. The next section in this chapter is devoted to
Radiography and Computed Tomography. The last two sections cover Optical Techniques
and Thermal Techniques.
Less widely used methods, which have generally not received as much attention as the
well-established techniques, are collected in Chapter 2 on Evolving Inspection Technologies.
These include Laser-Based illtrasonics and Electromagnetic Techniques, like microwaves and
magneto-optics. The last section covers advances in Magnetic Resonance Methods.
Chapter 3 collects the work presented on Interpretive Signal Processing and Image
Analysis, with an emphasis on interpretation for the purposes of defect detection and
characterization. This chapter contains three sections: one on Signal Processing, a second on
Neural Networks, and the third on Imaging and Inversion Methods.
Sensors constitute the front end of essentially all nondestructive measurements or
observations. They are necessary to detect the probing field and alterations of the field
resulting from interactions with the object of the inspection. Therefore, sensors playa central
role in any inspection. Their importance to NDE has long been recognized, and so we devote
an entire chapter to Sensors and New Techniques. Chapter 4 comprises three sections:
Acoustic and illtrasonic Sensors, Electromagnetic Sensors, and New Techniques and
Simulations. In this last group are techniques in which the sensor is a substantial part of the
development
Following a familiar pattern set in earlier volumes, Part A of the Review treats the
subject of technique development, whereas Part B is dedicated to the theme of materials. At
the head of the second book in Chapter 5 are collected several types of materials-related
papers, where the common thread is the fact that materials are tailored to fill a specific
function. The chapter is therefore entitled Engineered Materials and begins with contributions
on Composite Properties. Composite Defects are covered in Section B. It is the nature of
composites that they are mechanical combinations of different types of materials, each fulfilling
a critical function in the performance of the composite material. The advantages gained in
materials performance are tempered by the implied complications which arise when these
materials are subjected to ultrasonic or eddy current inspection. Chapter 5 concludes with
sections on Interfaces and Bonded Joints. This one chapter contains nearly 60 papers, a fifth
of the entire book, indicating the importance of these materials to advanced technology.
It is a well established fact that NDE is useful not only for locating and sizing defects,
but also for assessing important physical properties. The next chapter on Material Properties
collects those papers seeking to provide more generalized inspection information, beyond flaw
location and size. Chapter 6 is divided into five sections. These cover contributions on
Metals, Ceramics and Semiconductors, Microstructure and Roughness, Magnetic Methods and
Materials, Thin Films and Coatings, and Corrosion.
In the next chapter the materials-related themes continue with Nonlinearity,
Deformation, and Fracture. All deal in some way with the nonlinear aspects of materials
behavior. Chapter 7 includes two sections: one on Nonlinear Effects, and the other covering
Stress and Fatigue Cracks.
Due to the recent high level of interest in condition monitoring and defect detection in
large-scale structures, the next chapter is devoted to Civil Structures and Materials. Chapter 8
includes papers on steel rope, concrete, wood, and radioactive waste confinement.
vi
Each promising NDE method under research and development will eventually need to
be reduced to practice to evaluate its effectiveness and reliability in realistic inspection
situations. This process includes the design and testing of instruments and hardware based on
the method, whether the system is intended for post-manufacturing inspection or for
application during manufacturing. Chapter 9 is devoted to Systems, Process Control, and
Reliability. This subject is housed once again in Part B, since the topic is closely tied to
applications of inspection technology.
The organizing group, i.e. the Center for NDE at Iowa State University, wishes to
acknowledge with thanks the important contributions made to the Review and to the
preparation of these Proceedings by various groups and individuals. They are especially
indebted to the keynote speaker, Dr. Donald W. Pearman, Jr., of the DOE Field Office, San
Francisco, for his discussion of the National Technology Initiative and to Dr. J. A. Heim,
National Academy of Engineering, and Prof. 1. David Roessner, Georgia Institute of
Technology, for their excellent plenary presentations that dealt with requirements for
manufacturing excellence and the status of technology transfer, respectively. They are also
indebted to Dr. M. Avioli of EPR! and to Mr. Ward Rummel and a discussion panel for the
Wednesday evening discussion of Probability of Detection concepts. A number of people from
various institutions helped to organize useful special sessions. They include L. Adler, (Ohio
State University), D. Jiles (ISU Center for NDE), J. Moulder (ISU Center for NDE), H.
Ringennacher (United Technologies), S. Rokhlin (Ohio State University), B. VanderHeiden
(Hercules, Inc.), and 1. Wagner (Johns Hopkins University Center for NDE). The session
organized by H. Ringermacher on Laser Ultrasonics represented a milepost in that it was
focused upon a review of "where are we?" in this new technology after several years of
development. The results were most gratifying as can be verified in the contents of this
volume. The organizers are also indebted to the session chairpersons for managing and
keeping the sessions on time yet finding room for limited discussions. They are also indebted
to Ms. Linda Penn, Ms. Teri Peterson, and Ms. Libby Bilyeu for their assistance both prior to
and at the meeting and to Ms. Joann Wallace and Ms. Karen Cheney of Summit Associates,
Inc., for their handling of conference logistics. The organizers, as always, are indebted to Ms.
Connie Nessa and Ms. Sarah Jaqua for their dedicated and devoted attention to the preparation
of meeting materials and the Proceeding manuscripts and all its parts. Finally, and by no means
least, the organizers appreciate the support and contributions of the Review attendees both in
their "real time" presentations and their prepared manuscripts without which these volumes
would be impossible.
Donald O. Thompson
Director, Center for Nondestructive
Evaluation, and
Professor, Aerospace Engineering
and Engineering Mechanics
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50011
Dale E. Chimenti
Associate Director, Center for
Nondestructive Evaluation, and
Research Professor, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
VII
CONTENTS
VOLUME 12A
MINISYMPOSIUM
The National Technology Initiative
Making Technology Partnerships with Government Work ................................. .
D. W. Pearman, Jr.
Fundamentals of Manufacturing Excellence........................................................ 23
J. A. Heim
National Issues in Technology Transfer............................................................... 31
J. D. Roessner
CHAPTER 1. DEVELOPMENTS OF STANDARD TECHNIQUES
Section A. Elastic Wave Scattering
High-Frequency Elastodynamic Boundary Integral Equation
Inversion Using Asymptotic Phase Information.................................................. 41
R. A. Roberts
Numerical Calculation of Diffraction Coefficients in
Anisotropic Media. ...... .... .......... ........ ........ .......... ...... .......... .... ...... ........ ............... 49
J.A.G. Temple and L. White
Ultrasonic Scattering from Spherically Orthotropic Shells.................................. 55
J. Mittleman, R. Roberts, and R. B. Thompson
2-D Elastodynamic Scattering from a Finite Closed Crack................................. 63
G. Persson
The T Matrix for Elastic Scattering by a Partly Closed
Circular Crack..... .... ...... .... ................. ... ........ ...... .......... .... .............. .................. .... 69
A. Eriksson
i.
A Theoretical Approach for the Discrimination of Crack Tip
and Small Defect Echoes...................................................................................... 75
A. Lhemery, R. Raillon, and M. Ouamer
Ultrasonic Scattering from a Crock which Emanates from a
Rivet Hole............................................................................................................. 83
D. E. Budreck
Scattering of a Sagittal Surface Acoustic Wave from a Large
Amplitude Ridge or a Deep Groove..................................................................... 91
A. R. Baghai-Wadji, and A. A. Maradudin
Reflection of Elastic Waves by an Array of Interface Cracks.............................. 99
1. Qu
Scattering by an Infinite Array of Randomly Spaced Coplanar
Cracks................................................................................................................... 107
Y. Mikata
Section B. Elastic Wave Propagation
Acoustic Ray Trocing with the Connection Machine........................................... 115
C. Sullivan, Y. Wang, R. A. Kline, R. B. Mignogna, R. S. Schechter
P. P. Delsanto, and L. Ferrero
Ultrasonic Field Patterns and Broadband Imaging-Simulations in
Transversely Isotropic Media............................................................................... 123
M. Spies, P. Fellinger, U. Schleichert, and K. 1. Langenberg
An Efficient FEM Approach for the Study of Ultrasonic Wave
Propagation in Solids............................................................................................ 131
1. M. Sullivan, Jr., R. Ludwig, and W. 1. Grimes
Improved Finite Difference Method for Long distance
Propagation of Waves.......................................................... ................................. 139
D. Kishoni and S. Ta'asan
High Accuracy Method of Measuring Travelling Time of
Ultrasonic Waves.................................................................................................. 147
A. Khedher and B. de Halleux
Phase Velocity and Attenuation of SH Waves in a Fiber-
Reinforced Composite.......................................................................................... 155
R-B. Yang and A. K. Mal
Ultrasonic Oblique Incidence in Anisotropic Media............................................ 163
X. Zhao and D. M. Egle
Guided Waves in Piezoelectric Plates.................................................................. 171
H-T. Chien, A. H. Nayfeh, C-H. Yang, and D. E. Chimenti
Interoction of Ultrasound with Imperfectly Contacting
Interfaces ....... ...... ...... ...... ........ ...... ........ ...... .................... ...... ...... .......... .......... ..... 179
R. B. Thompson
Nonspecular Reflection of Rotationally Symmetric Gaussian
Beams from Shaped Fluid-Solid Interfaces.......................................................... 187
S. Zeroug and L. B. Felsen
Interaction of Gaussian Acoustic Beams with Plane and
Cylindrical Fluid-Loaded Elastic Structures........................................................ 195
J. Zhang, D. E. Chimenti, S. Zeroug, and L. B. Felsen
Ultrasonic Propagation Through a Surface with a Step
Discontinuity: Validation of a Hybrid, Gauss-Hermite Ray
Tracing Beam Model................... ...... ................................................................... 203
M. S. Greenwood, J. L. Mai, A. Minachi, I. Yalda-Mooshabad,
and R. B. Thompson
Generation of Guided Waves in Hollow Cylinders by Wedge
and Comb Type Transducers................... ........................................ ............ ......... 211
J. J. Ditri, J. L. Rose, and A. Pilarski
Parallel Processing Technique for Acoustic Tomography
of Multilayers ....................................................................................................... 219
R. B. Mignogna, R. S. Schechter, H. H. Chaskelis, P. P. Delsanto,
L. Ferrero, R. Kline, and C. Sullivan
Section C. Eddy Currents
Solutions of Benchmark Problems in Eddy-Current NDE................................... 227
S. A. Jenkins, J. C. Treece, R. Kim Murphy, L. David Sabbagh,
and H. A. Sabbagh
Eddy Current Analysis for 3-D Problems Using the Boundary Element
Method .................................................................................................................. 235
Y. Liu, N. Nakagawa, and F. Rizzo
Inversion of Eddy Current Probe Impedance Data for Crack
Reconstruction...................................................................................................... 243
J. R. Bowler, D. J. Harrison, and S. J. Norton
Determining Conductivity and Thickness of Continuously Varying
Layers on Metals Using Eddy Currents................................................................ 251
E. Uzal, J. C. Moulder, S. Mitra, and J. H. Rose
A Model of Bolt Hole Inspection Via Eddy Current............................................ 259
N. Nakagawa and J. C. Moulder
ACFM Above a Hemispherical Pit in an Aluminum Block................................. 265
D. McA. McKirdy and A. M. Lewis
Mercury Modeling for Improved Crack Sizing in Tubing................................... 271
R. E. Shannon, W. R. Junker, N. Nakagawa, and M. Behravesh
Multi-Parameter Analysis in Eddy Current Inspection of
Aircraft Engine Components................................................................................ 279
A. Fahr, C. E. Chapman, A. Pelletier, and D. R. Hay
XI
