Review of Accelerator Science and Technology, vol.1.

338 Pages·2009·48.37 MB·English

by  Alex Chao

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Reviews of
Accelerator
Science and
Technology
Editors
Alexander W. Chao
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, USA
Weiren Chou
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
World Scientific
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REVIEWS OF ACCELERATOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 1
Copyright © 2008 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
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ReviewsofAcceleratorScienceandTechnology
Vol.1(2008)v–vi
(cid:1)c WorldScientificPublishingCompany
Editorial Preface
This is the inaugural volume of the journal Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology.
Particle accelerators are a major invention of the 20th century. From the first linear acceler-
ator built by Rolf Widero¨e in an 88-cm long glass tube in Aachen, Germany, in the 1920s to the
latest gigantic 27-km circumference deep-undergroundLarge Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva,
Switzerland, particle accelerators in the last nine decades have evolved enormously and fundamen-
tally changed the way we live, think and work.
Accelerators are the most powerful microscopes for viewing the tiniest inner structure of cells,
genes, molecules, atoms and their constituent protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, quarks, and
possible still undiscovered even more fundamental building blocks of the universe such as dark
matter and dark energy. Accelerators are a time machine bringing us back billions of years to the
first few milliseconds after the Big Bang at the creation of our universe.
Theyarethebrightestlightsourcesmanhasevermade,allowingustotakecrystalclearimages
at the angstrom scale (1˚A = 10−10 meters) with femto-second resolution (1fs = 10−15 seconds).
Thisopensupawholenewworldformaterialscience,chemistry,molecularbiologyandlifesciences.
Spallation neutron sources are another invaluable tool provided by accelerators for advanced
science and technology. Accelerators with megawatt beam power may ultimately solve a critical
problem facing our society, namely, the treatment of nuclear waste and supply of an alternative
source of energy.
Inadditiontoscoresoflargeaccelerators,therearealsotensofthousandsofsmalleraccelerators
throughout the world. They are used every day for medical imaging, cancer treatment, design of
new drugs, radioisotope production, fabrication of semiconductors and high-density microchips,
mass spectrometry, cargo x-ray and gamma-ray imaging, detection of explosives and illicit drugs,
and detection of illegal trafficking of nuclear materials. Commercial industrial accelerators have a
global market with annual sales of multi-billions of dollars and rapidly growing.
Furthermore,in the course of building larger and more complex accelerators,technologies have
beenpushedtoanextentneverimaginedbefore—largevolumeultrahighvacuum,largescalesuper-
fluid helium application to cryogenics, superconducting magnets, superconducting radio frequency
systems, high power microwavedevices, radiation-hardmaterials, global control systems, advanced
instrumentationanddiagnostics,super-fastcomputingandcommunicationnetworks,andgiantdata
storage and processing systems.
The goal of this new journal, Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST), is to
give readers a comprehensive review of this driving and fascinating field. RAST will document the
tremendousprogressmadeinthisfieldinthepastdecadesanddescribeitsbrightfuture.RASTwill
coverawiderangeoftopics,includinglinearandcircularaccelerators,highbeampoweraccelerators,
high brightness accelerators, synchrotron light sources, free electron lasers, medical accelerators,
accelerators for industrial applications, advanced accelerator technologies as well as promising new
breakthroughs up to the most recent research frontiers.
Inordertoproduceajournalofthehighestquality,anEditorialBoardconsistingofdistinguished
scientists has been formed. This Boardadvises the Editors on the long- and short-term planning of
the journal, and selection of topics and prospective authors of each volume.
v
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vi Editorial Preface
Articlesarebyinvitationonly.Eacharticlewillbewrittenbyoneormoreleadingscientistwith
recognized authority in their fields and will be peer reviewed. Beginning in 2008, one volume will
be published each year. The first volume is an overview of various types of accelerators across the
entire field. Each of the later volumes will focus on one or two particular type of accelerators and
present in-depth discussions and analysis.
The first volume consists of fourteen articles. The first article lists the milestones in this nearly
century-long journey of particle accelerators. The following seven papers describe various types
of accelerators, including electron linear accelerators, high power hadron accelerators, cyclotrons,
colliders, synchrotron light sources and free electron lasers, medical and industrial accelerators.
Threepapersintroduceadvancedacceleratortechnologies:superconductingmagnets,superconduct-
ing radio frequency systems and beam cooling. There is a comprehensive review article on the rise
and fall of the Superconducting Super Collider (first part; the second part will be published in
Volume 2) and an article on the evolution, growth and future of accelerators and the accelerator
community. There is also a book review of a new biography of Pief Panofsky.
In addition to these review articles, this volume also includes a poster titled A Brief History
of Particle Accelerators. The 30 landmark events from1919to 2008selected highlight the dramatic
historical movement in the accelerator world.
The efforts required from the community as a whole to initiate and nurture a new professional
journal will not be small. We firmly believe that a high quality journal is a demonstration of the
identity of ourcommunity andofits importance to societyand allofscience.We are confidentthat
with an excellent Editorial Board, strong support of the accelerator enterprise and active feedback
from the readers, this publication will become an authoritative review and a major vehicle for the
disseminationof acceleratorscience andtechnology to the globalscientific, academic andindustrial
communities.
Alexander W. Chao
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, USA
[email protected]
Weiren Chou
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,USA
[email protected]
Editors
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Contents
Editorial Preface ................................................................... v
Early Milestones in the Evolution of Accelerators
E. D. Courant................................................................... 1
Electron Linacs for High Energy Physics
Perry B. Wilson................................................................. 7
The Development of High Power Hadron Accelerators
G. H. Rees...................................................................... 43
Cyclotrons and Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient Accelerators
M. K. Craddock and K. R. Symon ................................................. 65
Particle Colliders for High Energy Physics
D. A. Edwards and H. T. Edwards ................................................. 99
Synchrotron Radiation
A. Hofmann .................................................................... 121
Medical Applications of Accelerators
Hartmut Eickhoff and Ute Linz .................................................... 143
Industrial Accelerators
Robert W. Hamm................................................................ 163
The Development of Superconducting Magnets for Use in Particle
Accelerators: From the Tevatron to the LHC
Alvin Tollestrup and Ezio Todesco ................................................. 185
Development of Superconducting RF Technology
Takaaki Furuya.................................................................. 211
Cooling Methods for Charged Particle Beams
V. V. Parkhomchuk and A. N. Skrinsky ............................................ 237
The Supercollider: The Pre-Texas Days — A PersonalRecollection of Its Birth
and Berkeley Years
Stanley Wojcicki................................................................. 259
Accelerators and the Accelerator Community
Andrew Sessler and Ernest Malamud ............................................... 303
Book Review: Panofsky on Physics, Politics, and Peace: Pief Remembers
Gregory Loew ................................................................... 319
A Brief History of Particle Accelerators (poster)
vii
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ReviewsofAcceleratorScienceandTechnology
Vol.1(2008)1–5
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Early Milestones in the Evolution of Accelerators
E.D.Courant
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY 11973, USA
[email protected]
About80yearsagoRutherford[1]expressedthehopethatparticlescouldbeacceleratedtoenergiesexceedingthose
occurring in radioactivity, enabling the study of nuclei and their constituents. Physicists and engineers have more
thanmetthischallenge,andtodaytheLHC(LargeHadronCollider)atCERN,Genevaisabouttoaccelerateprotons
to7trillion(7×1012)eV.Herewedescribesomeofthecrucialstepsthathavegottenusthere.
Keywords:Accelerator;cyclotron; betatron;phasestability;synchrotron; strongfocusing.
1. Resonance Acceleration — n revolutions it picks up a total energy of 2neV
The Cyclotron (V is the voltage between the dees). The maximum
energyis determinedbythe size ofthe circularmag-
In 1927, in Aachen, Germany, Norwegian engineer-
netic poles.
ing student Rolf Widero¨e accelerated sodium ions
LawrencehadhisstudentM.S.Livingstonbuild
in a sequence of drift tubes to 50kV using a radio
a model demonstrating this principle. Using a mag-
frequency voltage of only 25kV, i.e. using the
net with pole faces 10 cm in diameter, and a max-
same voltage twice. He published an account of
imum rf voltage of 2000V on the dees, Lawrence
this achievement as his doctoral dissertation [2]; it
and Livingston [3] succeeded in accelerating hydro-
was clear that with more drift tube electrodes the
gen molecular ions to an energy of 80kV. And
acceleration could be repeated many times, though
early in 1932 a larger machine, with 11-inchmagnet
Widero¨e’s first accelerator went only to a factor of
poles and4000V onthe dees, acceleratedprotonsto
2. A few years later Ernest Lawrence came across
1.22MeV[4],thefirsttimeintheworldthatparticles
Widero¨e’s paper in the Berkeley library. Not being
were accelerated to over a million volts.
proficient in German he skipped the text, but the
In the following years Lawrence and others
diagramsandtheequationswereenoughtogivehim
built ever-bigger cyclotrons, culminating with a 60-
the idea that if the particle beam was bent in a
inch machine in 1939, which accelerated deuterons
circlebyamagneticfield,thesameacceleratingelec-
to 20MeV, and alphas to 40MeV. Cyclotrons
trode could be used many times rather than requir-
were also built in other US universities and in
ing a long sequence of many electrodes as implied
France and Japan (the Japanese cyclotrons were
by Widero¨e. He noted the crucial and fortunate fact
wantonly destroyed by the US occupying forces
that the angular frequency of revolution of a parti-
cle of mass M and charge e traveling in a circle in a in 1945).
magnetic field B is It became clear that there was a limit to the
energythatcouldbeachieved:themassM inEq.(1)
eB
ω = , (1) istherelativisticmass,andthereforethefrequencyω
Mc
inauniformmagneticfielddecreaseswithincreasing
independent of energy. Therefore, with two hollow particle energy rather than being exactly constant.
semicircular D-shaped electrodes excited at this fre- Furthermore, it had already been found [4] that,
quency, the beam gets accelerated every time it to maintain vertical focusing, the magnetic field,
crosses the gap between the two dees, and thus in rather than being exactly uniform, had to decrease
1