Table Of ContentSpringer Japan KK
Y. Haruki, 1. Homma
A. Umezawa, Y. Masaoka
(Eds.)
Respiration and Emotion
With 56 Figures
, Springer
YUTAKA HARUIO, Ph.D.
School of Human Science
Waseda University
2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
lKUO HOMMA, M.D., Ph.D.
Second Department of Physiology
Showa University School of Medicine
1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Toyko 142-8555, Japan
AKIo UMFZAWA
Department of Psychology
Fukui University
3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
YURI MASAOKA
Second Department of Physiology
Showa University School of Medicine
1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Toyko 142-8555, Japan
ISBN 978-4-431-67988-2 ISBN 978-4-431-67901-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67901-1
Printed on acid-free paper
@ Springer Japan 2001
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2001
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Preface
Brain research has made progress from technological developments in the field of neu
roscience and cognitive neuropsychology; cognition and emotions corresponding to lo
cal neuronal activity are revealed scientifically. Emotions are the result of activity within
the brain. In addition, their expression always is accompanied by physiological activity
such as changes in perspiration, heart rate, and respiration. In other words, emotions are
mirrored in physiological responses.
In respiratory physiology, interest in sensation-related respiratory dysfunction has
focused on the effect of the higher centers of the brain on respiratory activity. Research
on respiratory dysfunctions such as asthma, panic disorder, and hyperventilation syn
drome cannot neglect the role of the forebrain and limbic system, however.
This book contains material from the International Interdisciplinary Symposium on
Respiration: Respiration and Emotion, held in Tokyo July 23-25, 1999. The aim of the
symposium was to present and discuss with people from many countries respiration
from many aspects: physiology, psychology, behavioral medicine, and other fields. Not
only does the book provide contributions from a scientific approach to respiration, but
this research also presents traditional thought regarding breathing as expressed in the
Japanese arts. Looking toward the 21st century, research is opening doors to many dif
ferent fields across all scientific and artistic borders.
We are truly grateful for the support of the Ibuka Fund of Waseda University for this
symposium. The symposium required assistance from many people. In particular, we
are grateful to Dr. Ishii and Dr. Suzuki for their advice and support. We also thank Ms.
Suga, Ms. Kono, and Ms. Takeuchi for their assistance. We are pleased to have had the
opportunity to work with Mr. Kenneth Ellis, helping us as an interpreter. The sympo
sium could not have been held without the support of these individuals.
YUTAKA lIARUKI
IKuoHoMMA
AKIO UMEZAWA
YURI MASAOKA
v
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................ V
Behavioral Breathing and Sensation
Location and Electric Current Sources of Breathlessness in the Human Brain
I. HOMMA, A. KANAMARU, and Y. MASAOKA ..................... ...................................... 3
Respiratory Sensations May Be Controlling Elements on Ventilation
But Can Be Affected by Personality Traits and State Changes
N.S. CHERNIACK, M.H. LAVIETEs, L. TIERSKY, and B.H. NATELSON ........................ 11
Respiratory Sensations and the Behavioral Control of Breathing
S.A. SHEA .............................................................................................................. 21
Dyspnea in Patients with Asthma
Y. KIKUCHI, S. OKABE, H. KUROSAWA, H. OGAWA, W. HIDA, and K. SHIRATO .......... 31
Respiration and Emotion (J)
How Breathing Adjusts to Mental and Physical Demands
P. GROSSMAN and C.J. WIENTJES ............................................................................ 43
Anxiety and Respiration
Y. MASAOKA, A. KANAMARu, and I. HOMMA ........................................................... 55
Respiration and the Emotion of Dyspnea/Suffocation Fear
R. LEY ................................................................................................................... 65
Coordination of Breathing Between Ribcage and Abdomen in Emotional Arousal
H. TAKASE and Y. HARUKI ...................................................................................... 75
Behavioural and Physiological Factors Affecting Breathing Pattern and
Ventilatory Control in Patients with Idiopathic Hyperventilation
S. JACK, M. WILKINSON, and C.J. WARBURTON ....................................................... 87
vn
vm
The Art of Breathing in the East and the West
Effects of the Eastern Art of Breathing
Y. HARUKI and H. TA KASE ...................................................................................... 101
Biofeedback for Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Tanden Breathing
Among Zen Monks: Studies in Cardiovascular Resonance
P. LEHRER •••..•.•••..•••.•••.••.•••.••.•.•••..•.•.•..•.•....•.••.•••.•....•...••...•..•.•.•....•...•...................• 113
Breathing Regulation in Zen Buddhism
T. CIllHARA ......................... .................................................................................... 121
Respiration and Emotion (II)
Gaining Insight into the Factors that Influence the Variability of Breathing
T. BRACK and M.J. TOBIN ...................................................................................... 129
Facilitation and Inhibition of Breathing During Changes in Emotion
A. UMEZAWA ........................................................................................................... 139
Environmental Stress, Hypoventilatory Breathing and Blood
Pressure Regulation
D.E. ANDERSON ...................................................................................................... 149
Stress Reduction Intervention: A Theoretical Reconsideration
with an Emphasis on Breathing Training
y. SAWADA .............................................................................................................. 161
Special Lecture
Noh Theatre, the Aesthetics of Breathing
N. UMEWAKA .......................................................................................................... 173
Behavioral Breathing and Sensation
Location and Electric Current Sources of Breathlessness in the
Human Brain
Ikuo Homma, Arata Kanamaru and Yuri Masaoka
Second Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai,
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Summary: Breathlessness is an unpleasant sensation associated with breathing and one of the major
symptoms in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. There are many sources of breathlessness
emphasized by several researchers. However, the localization of the source generator for
breathlessness in the human brain has not been made clear. In this study we demonstrated the
location of the source generator for breathlessness in humans induced by C02 and a resistive load
using the dipole tracing method. Five male volunteers participated in this study. The subjects inhaled
5% or 7%C02 with a resistive pipe, while EEG and flow were monitored. EEG potentials(20) were
triggered to be averaged at the onset of inspiration. A large positive potential wave was observed
between 200 to 600msec from the onset of inspiration during 7%C02 inhalation with a higher
resistive load. The breathlessness rate measured by VAS was high in 7%C02 with higher resistive
load. The location ofthe source generator of the large potential, estimated using the SSB-DT method,
was found in the limbic system. The results suggest that the source generator for breathlessness, as
well as other unpleasant emotional sensations, may be located in the limbic system.
Keyword: dipole tracing method, breathlessness, limbic system, EEG
DIPOLE TRACING METHOD OF THE SCALP-SKULL-BRAIN HEAD
MODEL (SSB-DT)
There are a billion neurons in the human brain. Each neuron is polarized and makes a dipole
between the synapse and the axon hillock of the cell soma. Depolarization of the membrane under
the synapse is referred to as a "sink" of current dipole, and the axon hillock in the cell soma is a
"source" of the current. If there is a large number of depolarization in the limited area of the brain,
these neurons can be approximated to one or two equivalent current dipoles. From the scalp,
potentials of approximately 10 j1 volts can be recorded from the amount of action potentials. The
electric activity in the cerebral cortex can be recorded with surface electrodes mounted on the scalp.
The dipole tracing (DT) method estimates the position and the vector dipole moment of an
equivalent current dipole from the recorded EEG data[I].
Activities of the brain can be approximated by one or two equivalent current dipoles. Locations of
sources and vector moments of the equivalent current dipoles can be estimated from potentials
3
4
distributed on the scalp and recorded by the surface electrodes. Location of the source is determined
by calculating algorithms that minimize the square difference between potentials actually recorded
from the scalp (Vmeas) and those calculated from the equivalent dipoles (Vcal). Therefore, locations
of the dipoles and vector moments are iteratively changed using the simplex method until the square
difference between Vmeas and Vcal becomes minimum. The basic concept of the dipole tracing
(DT) method is based on the least square algorithm for fitting the calculated potential to the
measured EEG potentials (Fig. 1).
0"6 . = 0.33 Slm
SkIllJ= 0.004125 Slm
u.c4dp = 0.33 Slm
l
II
SeT, d) = Vmeas - Veal 112
dipolarity = 100 (1 -S(Topt' dorJ / II Vmeas 112)
Fig.I. The dipole tracing method: the least square algorithm for fitting the calculated potential. The
conductivities of brain (O.33s/m), skull(O.004125s/m) and scaIp(O.33s/m) are shown.
Most important thing in estimating the location of the source generator by the DT method is to
determine the different conductivities of the scalp, skull and brain. In particular, conductivity of the
skull is much smaller than those of the scalp and the brain. It is necessary to reconstruct the shapes of
these three layers. Therefore, each subject's own three-layer-head model must be made from CT
images[2].
For estimating the location of the source in the brain the following procedure must be used :
l.Record EEG. 2.Measure all electrode positions including reference points (nasion, inion, bilateral
pre-meatus points and vertex) with a three-dimensional digitizer. 3.Make each subject's own shape of
scalp, skull and brain from CT images. 4.Add different conductivities of the scalp, skull and brain.
The reconstruction ofthe scalp and the location of the electrode are shown in Fig.2
5
Fig.2. The reconstruction of the scalp(A) and the location of the electrodes on the scalp(B).
DT FOR BREATHLESSNESS
Breathlessness is one of the major symptoms observed not only in chronic respiratory disease but
also in many other diseases. Breathlessness is described as an unpleasant sensation associated with
respiratory movement. Breathlessness is expressed as 'dyspnea', 'air hunger', 'suffocation', 'chest
wall tightness' and others. General sensations such as pain or heat, etc., have their own sensory
center and specific receptors. Even though breathlessness is defined as a sensory experience, its
sensory receptors have not been specified and the center for breathlessness has not been identified
yet. Breathlessness is signals arising from the organism and to know the level of breathlessness is to
know the alarming of the body. In patients with COPD a decrease of breathlessness improves their
quality of life. Therefore, it is important to specify the central mechanism in the brain of people with
breathlessness. It is also necessary to clarify the relationship within the structure of the brain and
between peripheral receptors and brain activity.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The study was performed on 5 normal subjects (all males aged 21 to 32) with no history of chronic
pulmonary diseases and lor neuromuscular disease. All subjects were naive to the purpose of the
study and signed an informed consent. The subjects breathed through a mouthpiece of a one-way
valve with a hotwire flow meter (Minato Ikagaku RF-HE). A resistive pipe (diameter: 6mm or 4mm,
length: IOOmm) was attached to the inspiratory side of the valve to add load during inspiration.
Subjects inhaled 5% or 7% carbon dioxide (C02) with oxygen through this valve. During the
experiment, the subjects EEG and flow were monitored. A pressure transducer attached to the
