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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING R
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REMEDIATION MANUAL FOR CONTAMINATED SITES
To ask the right question, one needs to have some idea of what the answer might
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be. So it is with remediation. There is no such thing as too much information when
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it comes to characterizing a site, as information can aid in selecting the best M
remediation options. Unfortunately, the collection of data for making an informed
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decision is often costly, forcing professionals to make decisions on incomplete data. D
The lack of accurate data can also lead to the wrong remediation method selections, I
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unwanted surprises, and extra expense. T
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Based on the author’s more than 40 years of experience working on environmental
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projects, Remediation Manual for Contaminated Sites provides a practical
guide to environmental remediation and cleanups. It presents a broad overview of M
the environmental remediation process, distilled into what one needs to A
know to evaluate a specific challenge or solve a remediation problem. The text N
offers guidance on tasks that range from managing consultants and contractors to U
gathering data, selecting a suitable remediation technology, and calculating A
remediation costs. L
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The book includes remediation strategies for a variety of contaminants and examines
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a wide range of technologies for the remediation of water and soil, including
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excavation, wells, drainage, soil venting, vapor stripping, incineration, bioremediation,
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containment, solidification, vitrification, and phytoremediation. Written as a down-
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to-earth reference for professionals faced with the challenges of remediating a
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contaminated site, this book is also useful as a primer for students and those new A
to the field. It includes numerous figures, photographs, tables, and helpful checklists.
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DAVID L. RUSSELL, P.E.
K11638
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
an informa business New York, NY 10017
www.crcpress.com 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com
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Composite
REMEDIATION
MANUAL
FOR
CONTAMINATED
SITES
REMEDIATION
MANUAL
FOR
CONTAMINATED
SITES
DAVID L. RUSSELL, P.E.
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20110823
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3623-1 (eBook - PDF)
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For my girls and their girls for their encouragement,
Marianne Russell (1942–2007),
Laura, Jennifer, Miriam, Edda, and Zola
Contents
Author........................................................................................................................xi
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction.and.Overview...................................................................1
1.1. Introduction................................................................................1
1.2. Regulatory.Framework...............................................................1
1.2.1. CERCLA/SARA...........................................................1
1.2.2. Safe.Drinking.Water.Act...............................................6
1.2.3. TCLP.and.RCRA..........................................................6
1.2.4.. Underground.Injection.Control.Program......................8
1.2.5. Other.Water.Regulations...............................................9
1.2.6. Air.Regulations...........................................................10
1.2.7. Construction.and.Operating.Permits...........................12
1.2.8. Fire,.Health,.and.Safety.Regulations..........................12
1.3. Multimedia.Problems...............................................................13
1.4. Cleanup.Strategies....................................................................19
1.5. Corrective.Action.Plans............................................................19
1.6. .Management.of.the.Consultant.or.Remediation.Contractor.....23
1.6.1. Contractor.Management..............................................23
1.6.2. Time.and.Material.Contracts......................................25
1.6.3. Fixed-Price.Contracts..................................................25
1.7. Specifics.of.Initial.Exploration.................................................26
1.8. Specifics.of.Phase.II.Investigation............................................27
1.9. Remediation.Design.and.Construction.....................................30
1.10. Cleanup.Alternatives.and.Systems...........................................31
1.10.1. Introduction.................................................................31
1.10.2. Definitions.of.Soil.and.Groundwater.
Remediation.Systems..................................................37
1.10.2.1. Some.Definitions.for.Soil.Remediation.
Systems........................................................38
1.10.2.2. Definitions.for.Groundwater.Treatment.
Systems........................................................43
1.11. Soil.Treatment..........................................................................47
1.12. Groundwater.Treatment............................................................49
1.13. Summary.of.Treatment.Options...............................................52
Chapter 2 Data.Requirements..............................................................................55
2.1. Introduction..............................................................................55
2.2. General.Site.Information..........................................................56
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viii Contents
2.3. Site.Exploration.Program.........................................................60
2.4. Initial.Exploration.....................................................................61
2.4.1. NRCS.Classification.System.......................................64
2.4.2. Unified.Soil.Classification.System..............................65
2.5. Chemical.Analyses...................................................................66
2.5.1. Total.Petroleum.Hydrocarbon.and.Organic.
Carbon.Analyses.........................................................68
2.5.2. Soil–Mineral.Balance..................................................69
2.5.3. Other.Organics............................................................71
2.5.4.. Inorganic.Contaminants..............................................71
2.5.5. Water.Quality..............................................................71
2.5.6. Measurement.Accuracy.and.Well.Sampling...............75
2.6. Nonwell.Subsurface.Exploration.Techniques...........................76
2.7. Well-Drilling.Techniques.........................................................78
2.7.1. Core.Samples...............................................................80
2.7.2. Alternatives.to.Core.Sampling.Programs...................81
2.8. Hydrogeologic.Information......................................................82
2.8.1. Slug.Tests.....................................................................82
2.8.2. Pumping.Tests.............................................................83
2.8.3. Soil.Vapor.Stripping....................................................84
2.9. Bioremediation.Data.Requirements.........................................85
2.10. Disposal.and.Incinerator.Data.Requirements...........................86
2.11. Summary.of.Data.Requirements..............................................88
Chapter 3 Remedial.Options................................................................................91
3.1. Introduction..............................................................................91
3.2. Associated.Problems.and.Challenges.......................................91
3.3. Excavation................................................................................98
3.3.1. Depths.of.Excavation..................................................98
3.3.2. Nuisance.Problems......................................................98
3.3.3. Groundwater................................................................99
3.3.4. Rock.Excavation..........................................................99
3.3.5. Backfilling.................................................................100
3.4. Trenches.and.Drains...............................................................100
3.5. Wells.and.Remediation...........................................................102
3.5.1. Drilling.Muds.and.Well.Development......................103
3.5.2. Well.Types.................................................................104
3.5.3. Well.Packings.and.Well.Screens...............................104
3.5.4. Hydrogeologic.Modeling...........................................107
3.6. Pumping.Systems...................................................................108
3.6.1. Total.Fluid.Pumping.versus.Recovery.Pumping.......110
3.7. Water.Treatment.Systems.......................................................112
3.7.1. Water.Chemistry.......................................................112
3.7.2. Physical.Separations..................................................113
3.7.3. Filtration....................................................................114
Contents ix
3.7.4. Strippers.and.Aerators...............................................115
3.7.5. Carbon.Adsorption....................................................116
3.7.6. Biological.Treatment.................................................120
3.7.7. The.Biological.Treatment.Universe...........................121
3.8. Incineration.............................................................................124
3.9. Soil.Venting............................................................................126
3.9.1. Vapor.Extraction.Systems.Ancillary.Equipment......129
3.10. Bioremediation.......................................................................131
3.10.1. Landfarming..............................................................132
3.10.2. In.Situ.Bioremediation..............................................133
3.10.3. Preliminary.Considerations.......................................134
3.10.4. Aeration.Systems.......................................................135
3.10.5. Nutrient.Additions.....................................................136
3.10.6. Site.Restoration.and.Monitoring.of.Bioremediation....137
3.10.7. Taking.the.Measure.of.Bioremediation.....................138
3.11. Solidification.and.Containment..............................................139
3.11.1. Containment..............................................................139
3.11.2. Solidification.............................................................140
3.11.3. Vitrification...............................................................141
3.12. Landfilling.and.Brownfields...................................................142
3.12.1. Chernobyl..................................................................142
3.12.2. Ecuador.....................................................................142
3.13. Summary.of.Remediation.Technologies................................144
Further.Readings...............................................................................144
Chapter 4 Costs.of.Remedial.Activities.............................................................145
4.1. Introduction............................................................................145
4.1.1. Information.Sources..................................................145
4.1.2. Discussion.................................................................148
4.2. Cost.Factors:.Discussion.........................................................149
4.2.1. OSHA.Compliance....................................................149
4.2.1.1. Levels.of.Protection...................................150
4.2.2. Exploration.Services.................................................154
4.2.3. Analytical.Costs........................................................154
4.2.4. Site.Investigation.Costs.............................................154
4.2.5. Design,.Construction,.and.Maintenance.Costs.
for.Remedial.Activities.............................................156
4.2.5.1. Construction.Cost.Control.........................156
4.2.5.2. Cost-Effective.Design................................156
4.2.5.3. Maintenance.Cost.Controls.......................157
4.3. Specific.Cost.Factors..............................................................158
Chapter 5 Biological.Remediation.....................................................................159
5.1. Biological.Treatment.Basics...................................................159
