Remedial Measures Against Soil Liquefaction: from Investigation and Design to Implementation

458 Pages·2018·37.04 MB·English

by  Yoshida

REMEDIAL MEASURES AGAINST SOIL LIQUEFACTION
FROM INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN TO IMPLEMENTATION

Remedial Measures
against Soil Liquefaction
From investigation and design
to implementation
Edited by
THE JAPANESE GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY
Taylor &. Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
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Published by
Taylor & Francis
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270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
Transferred to Digital Printing 2006
ISBN 90 5410 668 9
© 1998 Taylor & Francis
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out
that some imperfections in the original may be apparent
Contents
FOREWORD XI
PREFACE XIII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What is liquefaction? 1
1.2 What measures can be taken to protect against liquefaction? 6
References 9
CAUSE OF LIQUEFACTION AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS ON
STRUCTURES 11
2.1 Cause of liquefaction 11
2.1.1 Behavior of sand undergoing cyclic undrained loading 11
2.1.2 Definition of liquefaction and its significance in practice 17
2.1.3 On seepage in liquefied ground 18
2.2 Causes of liquefaction-induced damage 19
2.2.1 Classification of damage 19
2.2.2 Mechanism of ground distortion. 27
2.2.3 Permanent displacement of liquefied slopes 28
2.2.4 Classification of damage to facilities 29
2.3 Concluding remarks 31
References 31
PREDICTION OF LIQUEFACTION 33
3.1 Methods of prediction 33
3.1.1 Factors affecting the liquefaction phenomenon and its prediction 33
3.1.2 Objectives and methods of liquefaction prediction 33
3.1.3 Criteria of choosing the method 37
3.1.4 Total stress analysis and effective stress analysis 39
3.1.5 Consideration of seepage of pore water 40
3.2 In-situ and laboratory tests for liquefaction evaluations 40
3.2.1 Information required for liquefaction evaluations 40
3.2.2 Laboratory tests and their interpretation 41
3.2.3 In-situ tests and their interpretation 46
VI Contents
3.2.4 Other field tests for liquefaction evaluations 48
3.2.5 Soil properties other than liquefaction strength 51
3.3 Simplified procedures 54
3.3.1 Rough estimation of liquefaction susceptibility using
geographical information 54
3.3.2 Simplified estimation of liquefaction susceptibility based
on field tests 55
3.3.3 Simplified procedure using factor of safety against liquefaction 55
3.3.4 Simplified procedure for estimating pore pressure generation 58
3.3.5 Simplified procedure for estimating ground settlement 61
3.4 Detailed prediction 61
3.4.1 Stress-strain relations 62
3.4.2 Identification of liquefaction occurrence by total stress analysis 67
3.4.3 Effective stress analysis 70
3.4.4 Prediction of permanent displacement 76
3.4.5 Prediction of soil-structure system behavior 77
3.4.6 Prediction of excess pore water dissipation 78
3.5 Practical aspects of liquefaction treatment addressed in design
codes and standards 79
3.5.1 Liquefaction assessment methods in codes and standards 79
3.5.2 Specifications for highway bridges 87
3.5.3 Technical standards for port and harbour facilities in Japan 92
3.5.4 Recommendations for design of building foundations 97
3.5.5 Design standards for national railway structures 100
3.5.6 Recommended practice for LNG in-ground storage 102
3.5.7 Notification specifying particulars of technical standards
concerning control of hazardous materials 104
3.5.8 Technical guidelines for aseismic design of nuclear
power plants 105
3.5.9 Specifications for construction of tailings dams and
commentary 106
References 108
4 MEASURES AGAINST LIQUEFACTION 113
4.1 Strategy for remediation of liquefiable ground 113
4.1.1 Review of the conventional strategy for remediation 113
4.1.2 Failure modes due to liquefaction ^ 115
4.1.3 Generalized approach to remediation of liquefiable ground 116
4.1.4 Remedial measures against liquefaction for network systems 119
4.2 General description of remedial measures against liquefaction 123
4.2.1 Principle and classification of remedial measures 123
4.2.2 Remedial methods in Japanese practice 125
4.3 Selection of remedial measures against liquefaction 136
4.3.1 Survey of current practice of remedial measures against
liquefaction in Japan 136
Contents VII
4.3.2 Features of remedial measures 148
4.3.3 Precautions in selecting remedial measures 150
4.4 Designing the extent of soil improvement area against liquefaction 153
4.4.1 Basics of designing the soil improvement area 153
4.4.2 Soil improvement area for light-weight and small-scale
structures such as wooden houses 153
4.4.3 Design guidelines for oil tanks 154
4.4.4 General procedure for designing the soil improvement area 154
4.4.5 Improvement area to prevent uplift of buried pipes 157
References 159
5 DENSIFICATION METHODS 161
5.1 Outline 161
5.1.1 Principle 161
5.1.2 Extent of application and methods 164
5.1.3 Tendency and points to be considered for densification methods 165
5.2 Soil investigations and tests 167
5.2.1 Soil investigations and tests for design 167
5.2.2 Investigations for work control 170
5.2.3 Investigations to confirm the effects of improvement 172
5.3 Sand compaction pile method 172
5.3.1 Design 172
5.3.2 Installation 179
5.3.3 Examples of applications 182
5.4 Vibro-rod method 185
5.4.1 Design 185
5.4.2 Installation 188
5.4.3 Examples of applications 190
5.5 Vibroflotation method 194
5.5.1 Design method 194
5.5.2 Procedure for soil improvement 202
5.5.3 Example of design and actual work 205
5.6 Dynamic compaction 207
5.6.1 Design method 207
5.6.2 Work performance and its control 212
5.6.3 Examples of work 215
5.7 Vibratory tamper method 221
5.7.1 Design 221
5.7.2 Tamping work 224
5.7.3 Example of application 228
References 229
6 SOIL SOLIDIFICATION AND REPLACEMENT METHODS 233
6.1 Outline of the methods 233
6.1.1 Principle of improvement 233
VIII Contents
6.1.2 Types and applicable ranges of the methods 234
6.2 Investigation and testing 235
6.2.1 Solidification method 235
6.2.2 Replacement method 237
6.3 Deep mixing method of soil stabilization 238
6.3.1 Design 238
6.3.2 Construction work 245
6.3.3 Examples of design and practice 247
6.4 Premixing method 252
6.4.1 Design 252
6.4.2 Construction work 255
6.4.3 Examples of field experiments 259
6.5 Replacement method 263
6.5.1 Design 263
6.5.2 Work method 264
6.5.3 Example of design and practice 265
References 269
7 LOWERING OF THE GROUNDWATER TABLE 273
7.1 General description of the method 273
7.2 Necessary tests for the method 274
7.2.1 Investigations and tests for design 274
7.2.2 Verification of remedial effects 275
7.3 Deep wells 275
7.3.1 Design and installation of deep wells 276
7.3.2 Design and installation of cut-off wall 281
7.3.3 Examples of design and installation from actual cases 282
7.4 Drainage trench 287
7.4.1 Concept of the method 287
7.4.2 Design 288
7.4.3 Example of actual case 288
References 296
8 DISSIPATION OF PORE WATER PRESSURE 297
8.1 General description of the method 297
8.1.1 Mechanism of the remedial work 297
8.1.2 Gravel drain method and artificial drain method 298
8.1.3 Precautions in using the method 299
8.2 Investigation and test 300
8.2.1 Parameters affecting the dissipation of pore water pressure 300
8.2.2 Clogging of drains with fines by seepage from surrounding
ground 303
8.2.3 Examples of in-situ liquefaction tests 304
8.3 Gravel drain method 307
8.3.1 Design 307
Contents IX
8.3.2 Installation methods for column-like graveld rains 314
8.3.3 Examples of design and installation from actual cases 315
8.4 Artificial drain method 320
8.4.1 Design method 320
8.4.2 Method of installation 324
8.4.3 Examples of design and installation 326
8.5 Other methods in combination with draining function 328
8.5.1 Combination of ground compaction and gravel
or plastic drains 329
8.5.2 Attachment of draining device to steel piles or sheet piles 332
References 336
9 SHEAR STRAIN RESTRAINT METHOD 339
9.1 General description 339
9.1.1 Principles 339
9.1.2 Specific types 340
9.1.3 Features 342
9.1.4 Actual practice 344
9.2 Tests 344
9.2.1 Tests for design 344
9.2.2 Tests on actual implementation 345
9.2.3 Tests to evaluate the remedial effect 345
9.3 Diaphragm wall work 345
9.3.1 Design 345
9.3.2 Construction 350
9.3.3 Case study from the design stage 352
Refererences 357
10 REMEDIAL MEASURES BY STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING 359
10.1 General remarks on methods 359
10.1.1 Strengthening methods 359
10.1.2 Design procedure 360
10.1.3 Simple methods for evaluating ground deformation and
changes in soil properties duet o liquefaction 362
10.2 Measures for pile foundation 364
10.2.1 Background of the design method 364
10.2.2 Design methods 366
10.2.3 Design and practice 370
10.3 Revetments 374
10.3.1 Design concepts 375
10.3.2 Design methods 376
10.3.3 Practice 376
10.4 Spead foundation 379
10.4.1 Design concept 379
10.4.2 Strenthening of continuous footing foundations 380