Table Of ContentRecycling and Reusing of
Engineering Materials
This page intentionally left blank
Recycling and Reusing of
Engineering Materials
Recycling for Sustainable
Developments
Waseem S. Khan
Engineering Technology & Science, Faculty of Engineering,
Fujairah Men’s College, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Eylem Asmatulu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
Md. Nizam Uddin
Department of Engineering and Physics,
Texas A&M University-Texarkana, Texarkana, TX, United States
Ramazan Asmatulu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000 AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA 02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2022 ElsevierInc.Allrights reserved.
Nopart ofthispublicationmaybereproduced ortransmittedinany formorbyany means,electronic or
mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or anyinformation storageandretrievalsystem, without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseek permission, furtherinformation aboutthe
Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance
CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotectedunder copyrightbythePublisher
(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnewresearch andexperience broaden
ourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatment maybecome
necessary.
Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheirown experienceandknowledgeinevaluating and
usingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein.In usingsuchinformation
ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom
theyhaveaprofessional responsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors, contributors, oreditors,assume any
liabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor
otherwise,orfromany useoroperation ofany methods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthe
materialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-822461-8
Forinformation onallElsevierpublications visitourwebsite
athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:SusanDennis
Acquisitions Editor:AnitaKoch
EditorialProjectManager: KathrineEsten
ProductionProjectManager: SruthiSatheesh
CoverDesigner: VictoriaPearson
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Contents
1. Introduction 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Market analysis of recycled materials 22
3. Conclusions 23
References 23
2. Environmental impacts of recycling 27
1. Introduction 27
2. Toxic materials and sources 28
3. Heavy metals 29
4. Heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms 30
5. Toxic compounds 36
6. Handling of toxic materials 36
7. Storing toxic materials 39
8. Transporting toxic materials 40
9. Reusing toxic materials 42
10. Conclusions 44
References 44
3. Wet and dry recycling processes 49
1. Introduction 49
2. Dry recycling processes 51
3. Wet recycling processes 60
v
vi Contents
4. Conclusions 66
References 66
4. Recycling and reusing of papers 69
1. Introduction 69
2. Paper recycling facts 73
3. Processing of recycled paper 75
4. Properties of fibers from recovered paper 76
5. Paper aging and degradation 78
6. Hazardous substance in recycled paper 79
7. Conclusions 80
References 81
5. Recycling and reusing of construction materials 85
1. Introduction 85
2. Waste materials in construction 87
3. Construction waste recycling 90
4. Construction waste minimization 100
5. Conclusions 101
References 102
6. Recycling and reusing of glasses and ceramics 105
1. Introduction 105
2. Glass recycling facts 106
3. Glass recycling statistics 107
4. Glass and ceramic recycling: challenges and opportunities 107
5. Processing of recycled glasses and ceramics 110
Contents vii
6. Advantages and disadvantages of recycling glass
and ceramics 113
7. Advanced uses of recycled glasses and ceramics 115
8. Conclusions 116
References 116
7. Recycling and reusing of polymers and plastics 119
1. Introduction 119
2. Hierarchy of waste management 121
3. Mechanical and chemical recycling 123
4. Applications of recycled thermoplastics 136
5. Conclusions 137
References 138
8. Recycling and reusing of thermoplastic and thermoset
composites 141
1. Introduction 141
2. Recycling techniques for thermoset and thermoplastic 142
3. Literature review 145
4. Recent recycling results and discussion 153
5. Conclusions 159
References 160
9. Recycling and reusing of metals and alloys 163
1. Introduction 163
2. Processes for recycling scrap ferrous materials 167
3. Relationship between recycling and environment 174
4. New establishments 175
viii Contents
5. Conclusions 176
References 177
10. Recycling and reusing of nonferrous metals 181
1. Introduction 181
2. Technology for recycling nonferrous metals 183
3. Benefit of recycling and reusing nonferrous metals 184
4. Recycling strategy of some nonferrous metals 188
5. Conclusions 193
References 194
11. Recycling of electronic wastes 197
1. Introduction 197
2. Human toxicity of hazardous substances in e-waste 200
3. Environmental impacts of e-waste through treatment
processes 201
4. Landfill disposal 201
5. Recycling of e-waste 202
6. Mechanical recycling techniques 204
7. Electromechanical separation process 205
8. Chemical recycling techniques 207
9. Thermal recycling processes 208
10. Conclusions 209
References 209
12. Recycling and reusing of used lubricating oils 213
1. Introduction 213
2. Recycling of used oil 222
Contents ix
3. Conclusions 231
References 232
13. Recycling and reusing of aircraft 233
1. Introduction 233
2. Recent progress in aircraft recycling 235
3. Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association 237
4. Process of advanced management of end-of-life aircraft 239
5. Aircraft materials and parts 241
6. Economy and social impacts 248
7. Challenges for cost-effective recycling 250
8. Impacts from different perspectives 251
9. Conclusions 252
References 253
14. Applications of nanotechnology in recycling 255
1. Introduction 255
2. Safety concerns of nanotechnology and recycling 260
3. Recycling of nanomaterials 265
4. Conclusions 271
References 271
Further reading 274
15. Treatment of radioactive waste 275
1. Introduction 275
2. Types of nuclear wastes 276
3. Effects of radioactive waste 278
