Reconfigurable Leaky Wave Antenna based on Metamaterial Substrate Integrated Waveguide for

119 Pages·2017·3.39 MB·English

by  Guglielmo Fortuni

Università degli Studi di Padova
Department of Information Engineering
MasterThesisinTelecommunication Engineering
Reconfigurable Leaky Wave Antenna
based on Metamaterial
Substrate Integrated Waveguide
for 5G oriented beamsteering application
MasterThesisbasedonaninternshipatAdantTechnologiesInc.
Supervisor: Master Candidate:
Prof. Andrea Galtarossa Guglielmo Fortuni
Co-Supervisor: ID 1128006
Ing. Mauro Facco
Padova,April9,2018
Academicyear2017/2018

iii
Abstract
This work presents the study and the development of a Leaky Wave Antenna, based on
a Composite Right-Left Handed transmission line and a Substrate Integrated Waveguide.
Theantennasystemisdesignedtoworkinthefrequencybandof26GHz-30GHz,demon-
stratesbeamsteeringfunctionalitiesandahighgain. Theconductedstudyisenvisionedin
the background of the fifth generation mobile networks (5G), in order to fulfil the require-
mentsfortherealizationofasmallcellantenna.

v
Sommario
Questa tesi tratta lo studio e lo sviluppo di un’antenna di tipo Leaky Wave, basata su una
lineaditrasmissioneCompositeRight-LeftHandedeunaguidaditipoSubstrateIntegrated
Waveguide. Il sistema d’antenna è disegnato per funzionare nella banda di frequenze dai
26 GHz ai 30 GHz, dimostra funzionalità di beamsteering e un alto guadagno. Lo studio
realizzatoèinquadratonell’otticadellaquintagenerazionediretemobile(5G),inmododa
soddisfareirequisitiperlarealizzazionediun’antennapersmallcell.

vii
Contents
Abstract iii
Sommario v
Contents vii
ListofFigures ix
Acronyms xiii
Introduction 1
1 5GSystemandmmWaveCommunication 5
1.1 Overviewon5GSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 5GRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2 5GKeyTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 mmWaveCommunicationandAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.1 PropagationCharacteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 ExampleofmmWaveAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 SubstrateIntegratedWaveguideandElectromagneticMetamaterials 23
2.1 SubstrateIntegratedWaveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.1 StructureandDimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2 MicrostriptoSIWTransition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 ElectromagneticMetamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.1 CompositeRight-LeftHandedTransmissionLine . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 BalancedCRLHTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.3 CRLHTLApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 LeakyWaveAntennas 41
3.1 PrincipleofLeakageRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.1 LWAsClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 MetamaterialBasedLWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.1 ElectronicallyControlledBeam-SteeringLWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
viii
3.2.2 LWAonSubstrateIntegratedWaveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4 DesignofReconfigurableLeakyWaveAntenna 55
4.1 SIWandMictrostripTransitionDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 LeakyWaveAntennaDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.2.1 DesignSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2.2 FrequencyScanningLWADesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2.3 VaractorTunedLWADesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5 LWAsSimulationResults 71
5.1 FrequencyScanningLWAResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1.1 UnitCellParametersVariations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2 VaractorTunedLWAResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Conclusions 95
Bibliography 97
ix
List of Figures
1.1 Ericssonforecastonmonthlyglobalmobiledatatraffic,from[2] . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Anoverviewonfuture5Gnetwork,from[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 ComparativediagrambetweenInternationalMobileTelecommunication-2020
(IMT-2020)andIMTAdvanced(IMT-A)requirements,from[9] . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Atmospheric and molecular absorption [dB/km] at mmWave frequencies,
withhighlightedbandofinterest,from[20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Rainfallattenuation[dB/km]atmicrowaveandmmWavefrequencies,from
[20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6 ConfigurationofthemmWavemoduleandantennaarray,from[19] . . . . . . 19
1.7 Schematicillustrationofantenna-in-packageassemblysystemandsubstrate
layer,from[31] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 3DmodelofanSIWwithitsmaindesignparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 MicrostriptoSIWtransitionanditsmainparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 ElectricfieldE,magneticfieldH,phaseconstantvectorβtriadandPoynting
vectorSforanelectromagneticwave,inaRHmediumandinaLHmedium,
from[50] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Equivalentcircuitmodelforlosslessa)pureRHTL,b)pureLHTL,c)CRLH
TL,from[48] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5 Dispersion/attenuationdiagramofaCRLHTL,fromEq. (2.15),incompari-
sonwithapureRH(β )andapureLH(β )TL,from[50] . . . . . . . . 34
PRH PLH
2.6 Dispersion diagram of a balanced CRLH TL, from Eq. (2.19), in comparison
withapureRH(βPRH)andapureLH(βPLH)TL,from[50] . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.7 FourcellZORantenna(a)andmicrostrippatchantenna(b)onthesamesub-
strateandsamefrequency4.88GHz,from[54] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.8 SchematicoftheZOR-loopantenna,withoneactiveelementandhighlighted
unitcellandparasiticelements,from[55] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.9 Design of the CRLH unit cell on SIW, with interdigital capacitor, shunt stub
inductorsandviawalls,from[57] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Sideviewofanidealwaveguidewithleakageradiation,from[62] . . . . . . . 43
x
3.2 DispersiondiagramofabalancedCRLHTLstructure,operatingasanLWA,
withits4distinctregions,from[50]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3 Schematic CRLH LWA, highlighting the three radiation region: backward
(β < 0),broadside(β = 0),forward(β > 0),from[50] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4 DispersiondiagramofanelectronicallyscannedLWAatfixedfrequencyω ,
0
whereweobservetheshiftof βatdifferentbiasvoltagesV,from[50] . . . . . 51
3.5 ProposedunitcellonSIWwithinterdigitalcapacitor,from[71] . . . . . . . . 52
3.6 Equivalent circuit model of an SIW unit cell without slots (a) and with slots
(b),wherearevisibletheLHandRHcontributions,from[71] . . . . . . . . . 52
3.7 UnitcelloftheHMSIWLWAloadedwithvaractors,from[75] . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1 Smallcellusecasewithdualplanebeamsteeringcharacteristic . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2 DesignedSIWandmicrostriptransition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Simulatedscatteringparameter |S | and |S | ofthedesignedSIWwithmi-
11 21
crostriptransitionofFig.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4 Simulatedelectric field magnitudeinthe regionofthe microstriptransition,
at f = 28GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 Simulatedcharacteristicimpedance Z oftheSIW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
0
4.6 Dispersion diagram example, with highlighted transition frequency f and
0
RH-LHrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.7 FrequencyscanningLWAunitcell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.8 FrequencyscanningLWAcomposedby N = 8unitcells . . . . . . . . . . . 65
cell
4.9 TentativedesignofanLWAwithvaractor-controlledcutofffrequency. . . . . 65
4.10 VaractortunedLWAunitcell,withzoomontheslotpart . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.11 VaractortunedLWAcomposedby N = 5unitcells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
cell
4.12 Varactor capacity C dependence on bias voltage V (Macom MA46H120
var
component) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.13 EquivalentcircuitmodeloftheMacomMA46H120varactor . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.14 Feedingnetworkforthevaractordiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.1 DispersiondiagramofthefrequencyscanningLWAunitcelldepictedinFig.4.7 72
5.2 Scanningangleθ (f)ofthefrequencyscanningLWA,computedwith(4.3) 73
MB
5.3 Simulated radiation patterns in the elevation (yz) plane of the frequency
scanning LWA of Fig. 4.8, with N = 8 and at frequencies f = 26 GHz,
cell 1
f = 28GHz, f = 30GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
0 2
5.4 SimulatedS-parametersofthefrequencyscanningLWA,inthecase N = 8 74
cell
5.5 Variation of the simulated peak gain in dependence of N , at frequencies
cell
f = 26GHz, f = 28GHz, f = 30GHz,forthefrequencyscanningLWA . . 75
1 0 2