Table Of ContentAlejandro Medina · Pedro Luis Curto-Risso
Antonio Calvo Hernández · Lev Guzmán-Vargas
Fernando Angulo-Brown · Asok K. Sen
Quasi-Dimensional
Simulation of Spark
Ignition Engines
From Thermodynamic Optimization
to Cyclic Variability
Quasi-Dimensional Simulation of Spark
Ignition Engines
Alejandro Medina Pedro Luis Curto-Risso
•
Antonio Calvo Hernández
Lev Guzmán-Vargas Fernando Angulo-Brown
•
Asok K. Sen
Quasi-Dimensional
Simulation of Spark
Ignition Engines
From Thermodynamic Optimization
to Cyclic Variability
123
Alejandro Medina Fernando Angulo-Brown
Antonio CalvoHernández InstitutoPolitécnico Nacional de Físicay
Departamento de FísicaAplicada Matemáticas
Universidad deSalamanca México D.F.
Salamanca Mexico
Spain
AsokK.Sen
Pedro LuisCurto-Risso Department of Mathematical Sciences
Institutode Ingeniería Mecánica y Indiana University
ProducciónIndustrial Indianapolis
Universidad delaRepública USA
Montevideo
Uruguay
Lev Guzmán-Vargas
InstitutoPolitécnico Nacional Unidad
Profesional Interdisciplinaria en
Ingeniería y Tecnologías
México D.F.
Mexico
ISBN 978-1-4471-5288-0 ISBN 978-1-4471-5289-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5289-7
SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013940296
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagLondon2014
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The work devoted to this book is dedicated
with the warmest affection to my family,
Begoña, Miguel, and Macarena
A. Medina
I dedicate this book to my family, especially
Christine for all her support in all
my projects and Matías just for being
a definite part of our life
P. L. Curto-Risso
In memory of my parents, Rosa and Antonio
A. Calvo-Hernández
Foreword
Theroadtothisbookbeganaround7yearsagoafterreadingapaperbyA.Fischer
and K.-H. Hoffmann, Can a Quantitative Simulation of an Otto Engine be
AccuratelyRenderedbyaSimpleNovikovModelwithHeatLeak?,J.Non-Equilib.
Thermodyn., 2004, 29, 9–28. We were by then interested in models from the
ClassicalEquilibriumThermodynamicsthatstartingfromanidealOttocyclewere
capable to lead to efficiencies closer to that of real spark ignition engines. This
paper gave us a lot of ideas in order to use different kinds of models for these
engines. We tried to develop realistic models beyond the Otto reversible cycle in
whichthemainphysicalingredientsofrealenginescouldbethoroughlyanalyzed.
This aim leads us to quasi-dimensional simulations. We found a lot of research
papersandworks,andsomesectionsininternalcombustionenginestextbooks,but
we thought that there was not a monographic book explaining in detail which
shouldbethemain structure ofaquasi-dimensionalsimulation modelandhowto
arrange the basic submodels required to obtain numerical results. We had to deal
withseveralpracticalpointsandalsotoelect,foreachsubmodel,whichonecould
bethemostadequateforourpurposes.Thismadethedevelopmentofsimulations
notsostraightforwardaswethoughtattheearlierstagesandreinforcedourfeeling
about the eventual usefulness of a monograph on this kind of simulation models.
This text is intended for students and researchers, that without an extensive
knowledgeonsparkignitionengines,areinterestedonunderstandingthephysical,
chemical, and engineering basis of these engines. And going further those are
interestedtodeveloptheirownsimulationschemeortohaveadeepunderstanding
of which is behind commercial simulation software. We have tried to write the
bookforreaderswithmerelyabasicbackgroundonthermodynamics,mechanics,
chemistry, and numerical methods. This text attempts to be an introductory
guide, in such a way that the interested reader could deep in details about sub-
models,othermodelsnotdirectlyconsidered,aboutvalidations,oraboutthekind
of information that could eventually be extracted from computations by using the
cited references. We have tried to be careful in presenting broad and updated
bibliography resources to give the reader a starting point for going beyond
depending on his own interests.
vii
viii Foreword
Internalcombustionengines,andspecificallysparkignitionengines,areoneof
themostimportantdevicesdesignedanddevelopedbyscientistsandengineersfor
our current lifestyle. Associated to fossil fuels resources limitations and to the
increasing environment concerns, these engines have shown during the last years
an important potential for improvements, linked to their design and optimization.
Different kind of simulations play a basic role in such work. Quasi-dimensional
simulations, with some limitations (for instance when compared with fluid
dynamicmodels),areattractivebecauseoftheirsimplicityandbecausetheydonot
requireextensivecomputerfacilitiesormuchcomputingtime.Andmoreover,they
allow to identify, in quite a direct way, the influence of the basic physical and
chemical hypothesis on engine functioning. Probably because of the previous
background and interests of some of the authors, we paid special attention to
thermodynamic considerations, that are in the basis of most energy conversions.
The optimal design ofsuch processes, asfor example the chemical tomechanical
energyconversionoccurringininternalcombustionengines,isinthebasisofany
energy-saving technology.
Salamanca, April 2013 Alejandro Medina
Acknowledgments
More than once we, the authors of this book, during the writing process joked by
commentingthatanybookoninternalcombustionengineswouldbeonlyakindof
(bad) summary of the well-known reference book by J.B. Heywood, Internal
CombustionEngineFundamentals.Asmostoftheresearchersonthisfield,weare
indebted to him because of his outstanding contributions and writings.
A. Medina and A. Calvo Hernández acknowledge Ministerio de Ciencia e
Innovación,JuntadeCastillayLeón,andUniversidaddeSalamanca(Spain)from
their financial support during the last years. We also would like to express our
gratitude to all the members of the Research Group on Thermodynamics and
StatisticalMechanics,UniversidaddeSalamanca,fortheircontinuoussupportand
encouragement.
P. L. Curto-Risso would like to thank Agencia Nacional de Investigación e
Innovación(Uruguay)fortheSNIprogramthatsupportshisresearch.Alsothanks
tohiscolleaguesintheDepartmentofAppliedThermodynamicsfromUniversidad
delaRepúblicaandhisstudents,Bruno,Diego,andDaniel,whohavecontributed
to deeply analyze different heat transfer models.
Lev Guzmán-Vargas and F. Angulo-Brown thank the financial support from
COFAA-IPN, EDI-IPN and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Project
49128–26020), México.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Modeling Spark Ignition Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Single-Zone (or Zero-Dimensional) Models . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Multi-Zone Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Multi-Dimensional Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Thermodynamic Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Cycle-to-Cycle Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Physical Origin of Cycle-to-Cycle Variations. . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.2 Theoretical and Simulation Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Non-Linear Dynamics Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Organization of the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Physical Laws and Model Structure of Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 Basic Mechanical Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Basic Thermodynamic Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 Intake and Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Compression and Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Pressure and Temperature Evolution
During Combustion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Additional Submodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 Combustion Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 Heat Transfer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.3 Friction Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.4 Working Fluid Properties and Chemical Reactions . . . . . 45
2.4 Assembly of Submodels and Basic Structure
of the Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations and Submodels. . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
xi
xii Contents
3 Validating and Comparing with Experiments
and Other Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1 What Can We Measure from Simulations?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1.1 Performance Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1.2 Fuel Consumption and Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.1.3 Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2 Numerical Results from Zero-Dimensional Models . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3 Validating a Quasi-Dimensional Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.1 Quasi-Dimensional Model by Keck and Beretta . . . . . . . 64
3.3.2 Influence of Heat Transfer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3.3 Results with Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 Finite-Time Thermodynamics Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4.1 Internal Irreversibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4.2 Friction Losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.3 Heat Transfer Losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.4 Numerical Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.4.5 Refined FTT Approach with Speed Dependent
Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Thermodynamic Engine Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1 Design Parameter Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1.1 Ignition Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1.2 Stroke-to-Bore Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2 Working Parameters Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1 Spark Advance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.2 Fuel-Air Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.3 Wall Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.4 Simultaneous Optimization of Working Parameters. . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5 Cycle-to-Cycle Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.1 Models for Cyclic Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2 Quasi-Dimensional Simulations and Cyclic Variability. . . . . . . . 108
5.3 Nonlinear Analysis of Heat Release Fluctuations. . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.1 Correlation Dimension Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.2 Monofractal Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3.3 Multifractal Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3.4 Network Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.3.5 Wavelet Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
