Quantum : chemistry : third year of secondary cycle two : student textbook

454 Pages·2011·40.002 MB·English

by  Ivan Couture, Marie-Ève Lacombe-Harvey, Geneviève Levasseur-Thériault

CHEMISTRY
Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two
Student Textbook
Ivan Couture
Marie-Ève Lacombe-Harvey
Geneviève Levasseur-Thériault
Detailed Periodic Table
1
(IA) Phases of elements
in ambient conditions
12.20 H 11 Metals S Natural C Solids
1312 0.79 elements
1 259.3 0.09
252.9 2
Hydrogen
1.008 (IIA) Metalloids Np Synthetic Liquids
elements
3 1 4 2
0.98 Li 2.05 1.57 Be 1.40 He
520 0.53 899 1.85 Non-metals Gases
2 180.5 1287
1342 2471
Lithium Beryllium
6.941 9.012
11 1 12 2
0.93 Na 2.23 1.31 Mg 1.72
496 0.97 738 1.74
3 97.8 650
882.9 1090 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sodium Magnesium
22.990 24.305 (IIIB) (IVB) (VB) (VIB) (VIIB) (VIIIB)
19 1 20 2 21 3 22 4 23 5 24 3 25 2 26 3 27 2
0.82 K 2.77 1.00 Ca 2.23 1.36 Sc 2.09 1.54 Ti 3 1.63 V 4 1.66 Cr 2 1.55 Mn 4 1.83 Fe 2 1.88 Co 3
419 0.86 590 1.55 631 2.99 658 2.00 650 1.92 653 1.85 717 1.79 759 1.72 760 1.67
4 63.5 842 1541 1668 4.55 1910 6.11 1907 7.19 1246 7.3 1538 7.89 1495 8.9
759 1484 2832 3287 3407 2671 2061 2861 2927
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933
37 1 38 2 39 3 40 4 41 5 42 6 43 7 44 3 45 3
0.82 Rb 2.98 0.95 Sr 2.45 1.22 Y 2.27 1.33 Zr 2.16 1.6 Nb 3 2.16 Mo 2.01 2.10 Tc 1.95 2.2 Ru 4 2.28 Rh 1.83
403 1.53 549 2.54 616 4.46 660 6.51 664 2.08 685 10.22 702 11.50 711 1.89 720 12.41
5 39.31 777 1522 1855 2477 8.57 2623 2157 2334 12.44 1964
688 1382 3345 4409 4744 4639 4265 4150 3695
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium
85.468 87.620 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.960 (98) 101.070 102.906
55 1 56 2 72 4 73 5 74 6 75 7 76 4 77 4
0.79 Cs 3.34 0.89 Ba 2.78 1.3 Hf 2.16 1.5 Ta 2.09 1.7 W 2.02 1.9 Re 1.97 2.2 Os 1.92 2.2 Ir 1.87
376 1.87 503 3.5 642 13.29 761 16.65 770 19.3 760 21.02 840 22.57 880 22.42
6 28.5 727 57-71 2233 3017 3422 3186 3033 2446
671 1897 4603 5458 5555 5596 5012 4428
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium
132.905 137.327 178.490 180.948 183.840 186.207 190.230 192.217
87 1 88 2 104 105 106 107 108 109
0.7 Fr — 0.9 Ra — — Rf — — Db — — Sg — — Bh — — Hs — — Mt —
~375 1.87 509 5.0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
7 27 700 89-103 — — — — — —
677 1137 — — — — — —
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
(223) (226) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276)
Lanthanides
57 3 58 3 59 3 60 3 61 3 62 3 63 3
1.10 La 2.74 1.12 Ce 2.70 1.13 Pr 2.67 1.14 Nd 2.64 — Pm 2.62 1.17 Sm 2 — Eu 2
538 6.17 527 6.77 523 6.77 530 6.80 536 6.47 543 2.59 547 2.56
6 920 798 930.8 1021 1100 1074 7.54 822 5.28
3469 3443 3512.8 3074 3000 1794 1529
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium
138.905 140.116 140.908 144.242 (145) 150.360 151.964
89 3 90 4 91 5 92 6 93 5 94 4 95 3
1.1 Ac — 1.3 Th — 1.5 Pa 4 1.7 U 4 1.3 Np — 1.3 Pu 6 — Am 4
499 10.07 587 11.72 568 — 584 — 597 20.25 585 — 578 —
7 1050 1750 1572 15.37 1132.2 19.05 637 639.4 19.84 1176 13.67
3200 4788 4030 3927 4000 3230 2607
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243)
Actinides
Atomic number 8 O 2 Itohnei fci rcsht aisr gteh e( iof nthee trhea its i sm moroes tt hcaonm omnoen,ly used)
Electronegativity 3.44 0.65 Atomic radius (1012m)
Energy of the 1st ionization (kJ/mol) 1314 1.43 Density (g/L or g/cm3)
Melting point (°C) 218.3
Boiling point (°C) 182.9 Symbol
Oxygen
Name
15.999 18
Atomic weight (u)
Molar mass (g/mol) (VIIIA)
2
He
— 0.49
2372 0.18
272.2
13 14 15 16 17 268.9
Helium
(IIIA) (IVA) (VA) (VIA) (VIIA) 4.003
52.04 B 1.17 62.55 C 24 73.04 N 03.75 83.44 O 02.65 93.98 F 01.57 1—0 Ne 0.51
800 2.87 1086 0.91 1402 1.25 1314 1.43 1681 1.70 2080 0.90
2075 3527 1.8-3.5 209.9 218.3 219.6 248.6
4000 4027 195.8 182.9 188.1 246.1
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluoride Neon
10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
13 3 14 15 3 16 2 17 Cl 1 18 Ar
1.61 Al 1.82 1.90 Si 1.46 2.19 P 1.23 2.58 S 1.09 3.16 0.97 — 0.88
577 2.70 786 2.33 1012 1.82 999 2.07 1256 3.21 1520 1.78
660.3 1414 44.2 119.6 101.5 189.3
10 11 12 2519 3265 277 444.6 34.04 185.8
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
(IB) (IIB) 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948
21.981 Ni 32 21.990 Cu 12 31.605 Zn 12.53 31.811 Ga 13.81 32.021 Ge 14.52 32.138 As 13.33 32.545 Se 12.22 32.956 11.12 3—6 Kr 1.03
737 1.62 745 1.57 906 7.11 579 5.90 761 5.32 947 5.72 941 4.79 1143 3.12 1351 3.741
1455 8.90 1084.6 8.96 419.6 29.76 938.3 817 (28 atm) 220.5 7.2 157.4
2913 2562 907 2204 2833 614 (sublime) 684.9 58.78 153.2
Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
58.693 63.546 65.380 69.723 72.640 74.922 78.960 79.904 83.798
42.260 Pd 42 41.973 Ag 11.75 41.689 Cd 12.71 41.798 In 23.00 51.906 Sn 24 52.015 Sb 53 52.12 Te 12.42 25.636 I 11.32 5—4 Xe 1.24
805 1.79 731 10.5 868 8.65 558 7.29 708 1.72 834 1.53 869 6.24 1009 4.93 1170 5.90
1554.9 12.02 961.8 321.1 156.6 231.9 7.29 630.6 6.61 449.5 113.7 111.8
2963 2162 767 2072 2602 1587 988 184.4 (35 atm) 108.1
Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antinomy Tellurium Iodine Xenon
106.420 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.600 126.904 131.293
72.28 Pt 24 72.49 Au 13 81.90 12 81.81 Tl 31 81.82 Pb 42 81.93 Bi 53 82.04 Po 42 82.25 At 11.43 8—6 Rn 1.34
870 1.83 890 1.79 1107 1.76 589 2.08 715 1.81 703 1.63 813 1.53 (926) 7 1037 9.73
1768.4 21.45 1064.2 19.32 38.83 13.55 304 11.85 327.5 11.35 271.3 9.74 254 9.32 302 71
3825 2856 356.7 1473 1749 1564 962 337 61.8
Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
195.084 196.967 200.590 204.383 207.200 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118
— Ds — — Rg — — Uub — — Uut — — Uuq — — Uup — — Uuh — — Uuo —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — —
Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununoctium
(281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294)
64 3 65 3 66 3 67 3 68 3 69 3 70 3 71 2
1.20 Gd 2.54 — Tb 2.51 1.22 Dy 2.49 1.23 Ho 2.47 1.24 Er 2.45 1.25 Tm 2.42 — Yb 2 1.0 Lu 2.25
593 7.90 565 8.23 572 8.54 581 8.78 589 9.04 597 9.29 603 2.40 524 9.83
1313 1356 1412 1470 1529 1545 824 6.97 1663
3273 3230 2567 2720 2868 1950 1196 3402
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
157.25 158.925 162.500 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.054 174.967
96 3 97 3 98 3 99 3 100 3 101 2 102 2 103 3
— Cm — — Bk 4 — Cf — — Es — — Fm — — Md 3 — No 3 — Lr —
581 13.51 601 — 608 15.1 619 — 627 — 635 — 642 — — —
1340 986 14.00 900 860 1527 827 — 827 — 1627
3110 — — — — — — —
Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
(247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Notes:The elements presented in this periodic table are those recognized by the National Research Council Canada (NRC) in 2008.
The names of the elements and their atomic weights are derived from the 2007 update of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

CHEMISTRY
Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two
Student Textbook
Ivan Couture
Marie-Ève Lacombe-Harvey
Geneviève Levasseur-Thériault
Translators: Jacquie Charlton, Cristina Cusano,
Natasha DeCruz, Joann Egar, Gwen Schulman
Quantum – Chemistry
Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two Acknowledgements
Student Textbook The Editor would like to thank the following people for their valuable
consulting work: Abderrahmane Amane, École internationale
Ivan Couture, Marie-Ève Lacombe-Harvey, Geneviève Levasseur-Thériault St-Edmond, CS Marie-Victorin; Bouthaïna Bouzid, École Père-
Marquette, CS de Montréal; Claudie Chartré, Collège Jean de la
© 2011 Chenelière Education Inc. Mennais; Somali Keuk, École secondaire des Pionniers, CS du
Editors:Marie-Eve Robitaille, Isabel Rusin Chemin-du-Roy; Christian Lamotte, École secondaire Daniel-
Coordinators:Geneviève Blanchette, Dominique Lapointe, Johnson, CS de la Pointe-de-l’Île; Mona Langlois, École Jacques-
Rousseau, CS Marie-Victorin; Danielle Lanneluc-Sanson, École
Christiane Gauthier
Copy-editors:Ginette Gratton, Nicole Blanchette secondaire De Mortagne, CS des Patriotes; Nathalie Lefebvre, École
Proofreaders:Renée Bédard, Caroline Bouffard Félix-Leclerc, CS des Affluents; Mourad Meziane, École secondaire
Graphic design and layout:Dessine-moi un mouton Mont-Royal, CS Marguerite-Bourgeoys; Mireille Paris, École se-
Cover design:Josée Brunelle condaire Mont-Bleu, CS des Portages-de-l’Outaouais; Gilles Roy,
Illustrations:Michel Rouleau Collège Jean de la Mennais; Anne-Marie Talbot-Fournier, Collège
Visual research:Marie-Chantal Laforge de Montréal; Rénald Veilleux, École secondaire Joseph-François
Printer:Imprimeries Transcontinental Perrault, CS de Montréal; Mary Zarif, École secondaire Saint-Luc,
CS de Montréal.
English Version
Editor:Colleen Ovenden The Editor would also like to thank the following people for their
Scientific Advisor:Michael Quinn valuable expertise and scientific revisions: Jeffrey Keillor, Ph. D., Full
Copy-editor:Eileen Travers Professor, Université de Montréal (all chapters); Pierre Baillargeon,
Proofreader:Piera Palucci Ph. D., teacher, Cégep de Sherbrooke (Chapters 2, 11, 12); Hugo
Layout:Interscript Bélisle, teacher, École de technologie supérieure de Montréal
Printer:Transcontinental Printing (Chapter 2); Mohammed Mecif, Chemist (Chapter 1); Dana F. Simon,
postdoctoral fellow, Université de Montréal (Chapter 1).
The Editor of the English version would like to thank Michael Quinn
for his valuable expertise and constructive review during the trans-
lation of this textbook.
The Editor would like to thank the following people for their valuable
copy-editing: Patrick Germain, teacher, Cégep de Sherbrooke
(Redox Reaction supplement: p. 349 to 369); Serge Rodrigue, tea-
cher, Cégep de Sorel-Tracy (exercises); Évelyne Beaubien (features:
p. 142 and 143 and index), Mourad Meziane, teacher, École secon-
daire Mont-Royal, CS Marguerite-Bourgeoys (feature: p. 164),
Agence Science-Presse (features: p. 43, 49, 114, 165, 224, 229, 268,
269, 300 and 366), Guy Lapointe, lecturer, UQAM.
The Editor would also like to thank Collège Mont-Sacré-Cœur for
having graciously agreed to release Mr. Ivan Couture from his
teaching duties during the writing of this book.
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List of Laboratories and Demonstrations . . . . . . . . . . VIII 8.2 Synthesis, decomposition
Organization of the Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX and precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.3 Endothermic and exothermic reactions . . . . . 26
REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
8.4 Oxidation and combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1. Organization of matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
8.5 Photosynthesis and respiration . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.1 Atoms and molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9. Nature of chemical bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.2 Chemical formulas and ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.1 Ionic bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Representations of atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9.2 Covalent bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Rutherford-Bohr atomic model . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
10. Forms of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Simplified atomic model and the neutron . . . . 5
10.1 Kinetic energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Lewis notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
10.2 Potential energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3. Periodic classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10.3 The law of conservation of energy. . . . . . . . . 32
3.1 Periodic table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10.4 Relationship between thermal energy,
3.2 Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
specific heat capacity, mass and
3.3 Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
temperature change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4. Nomenclature and notation rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1 Naming a compound from its
11.1 Compressible and incompressible
chemical formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Writing chemical formulas of compounds. . . 12
11.2 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5. Enumeration of matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1 The Mole concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Molar mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Physical changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
GASES
6.1 Phase changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2 Dissolution and solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.3 Concentration and dilution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.4 Electrolytes and electrolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.5 Measuring physical change ORGANIZATION CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
using the pH scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES . . . 37
7. Chemical changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1 Daily use of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.1 The law of conservation of mass. . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.1 Gases and natural phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.2 Balancing chemical equations. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.1.2 Gases and their technological
7.3 Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8. Examples of types of chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . 25
Applications – Compressed gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.1 Acid-base reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2 Chemical reactivity of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Table of Contents III
1.2.1 The causes of the chemical 2.4.4 Relationship between the volume and quantity
reactivity of gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 of gas expressed in number of moles
1.2.2 Combustible gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 9 and 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.4.5 Molar volume of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1.2.3 Oxidizing gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.6 Relationship between the pressure
A brief history of… Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
and the quantity of gas expressed in number
Review – Chapter 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
of moles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Practice makes perfect - Chapter 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Practice makes perfect – Section 2.4 . . . . . . . . . 97
2.5 Ideal gas law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.5.1 Molar mass of a gas 11 . . . . . . . . . . . 103
CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Practice makes perfect – Section 2.5 . . . . . . . . 104
OF GASES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6 General gas law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.1 Kinetic theory of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Practice makes perfect – Section 2.6 . . . . . . . . 107
2.1.1 Particle behaviour in various
phases of matter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.7 Stoichiometry of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.1.2 Kinetic energy of gas particles Practice makes perfect – Section 2.7 . . . . . . . . 110
and temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.8 Dalton's law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.1.3 Hypotheses of the kinetic Practice makes perfect – Section 2.8 . . . . . . . . 113
theory of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Applications– Gasoline engines and diesel
Practice makes perfect – Section 2.1 . . . . . . . . . 62 engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.2 Behaviour of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 A brief history of… Dirigible balloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.2.1 Compressibility 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Review – Chapter 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.2.2 Expansion 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Practice makes perfect – Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.2.3 Diffusion and effusion 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Practice makes perfect – Section 2.2 . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3 Pressure of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.1 Atmospheric pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
ENERGY
2.3.2 Measuring the pressure of gases. . . . . . . . . . 71
CHANGES
Practice makes perfect – Section 2.3 . . . . . . . . . 74
IN REACTIONS
2.4 Simple gas laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.4.1 Relationship between pressure and volume
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5 and 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
ORGANIZATION CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.4.2 Relationship between volume
and absolute temperature 7 . . . . . . . . 80 CHAPTER 3 ENERGY TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.4.3 Relationship between pressure and 3.1 Difference between heat and temperature. . . . . . . 128
temperature 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Practice makes perfect – Section 3.1 . . . . . . . . 130
IV Table of Contents For a detailed list of laboratories and demonstrations see page VIII
3.2 The law of conservation of energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 A brief history of…The use of chemical energy . . . . . . . 165
3.2.1 Types of systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Review – Chapter 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.2.2 Calorimetry and the calorimeter . . . . . . . . . 132 Practice makes perfect – Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Practice makes perfect – Section 3.2 . . . . . . . . 133
CHAPTER 5 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
3.3. Relationship between thermal energy,
OF ENTHALPY CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
specific heat capacity, mass and
5.1 Activated complex, activation energy
temperature change 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
and the energy diagram 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Practice makes perfect – Section 3.3 . . . . . . . . 137
5.1.1 Activated complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.4 Calculating energy transfer 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.1.2 Activation energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Practice makes perfect – Section 3.4 . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.3 Energy diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Applications – The ground-source heat pump. . . . . . . . . . 142
5.2 Observing the use of an energy diagram
A brief history of… Calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
to plot the progress of a conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Review – Chapter 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.2.1 Height of the activation energy barrier
Practice makes perfect – Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
and the spontaneous reaction. . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.2.2 Direct and reverse reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
CHAPTER 4 ENTHALPY CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Review – Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.1 Enthalpy and enthalpy change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Practice makes perfect – Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.1.1 Standard molar enthalpy change . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2 Endothermic and exothermic
CHAPTER 6 MOLAR HEAT OF REACTION. . . . . . . . . 185
reactions 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.1 Molar heat of dissolution 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.2.1 Endothermic and exothermic
6.2 Molar heat of neutralization 17 . . . . . . . . . . . 192
physical changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
A brief history of… Chewing gum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.2.2 Endothermic and exothermic
Review – Chapter 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Practice makes perfect – Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.2.3 Enthalpy diagram of endothermic
and exothermic reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
CHAPTER 7 HESS’S LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Practice makes perfect – Section 4.1 and 4.2. . 155
7.1 Reaction mechanism 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4.3 Energy balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.1.1 Graphical representation
4.3.1 Performing an energy balance. . . . . . . . . . . . 156 of a reaction mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Practice makes perfect – Section 4.3 . . . . . . . . 160 7.2 Summation of enthalpies 19 and 20 . . . . . . . 201
4.4. Calculating enthalpy change 7.2.1 Presentation of Hess's Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
using stoichiometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.2.2 Applying Hess’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Practice makes perfect – Section 4.4 . . . . . . . . 162 Review – Chapter 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Applications – Phase-changing materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Practice makes perfect – Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
For a detailed list of laboratories and demonstrations see page VIII Table of Contents V
CHAPTER 10 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
REACTION RATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.1 Nature of reactants 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
REACTION 10.1.1 Phase of the reactants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.1.2 Number and strength of the bonds
RATE
of the reactants to be broken. . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Practice makes perfect – Section 10.1 . . . . . . . 250
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10.2 Surface area of reactants 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
10.3 Concentration of reactants
ORGANIZATION CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
and the rate law 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
CHAPTER 8 MEASURING REACTION RATE. . . . . . 213
10.3.1 Concentration of reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
8.1 Expressing reaction rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.3.2 Rate law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.2 Reaction rate in terms of the stoichiometric
Practice makes perfect – Section 10.3 . . . . . . . 258
coefficients of a balanced chemical equation. . . . 216
10.4 Temperature of the reaction
8.2.1 General reaction rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
environment 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Practice makes perfect – Section 8.2 . . . . . . . 219 10.5 Catalysts 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.3 Ways to measure reaction rate 21 . . . . . . . . 220 10.5.1 How a catalyst functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.3.1 Measuring reaction rate in terms of the state 10.5.2 Homogeneous catalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
of the reactant or the product and the ease 10.5.3 Heterogeneous catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
of using the measuring method. . . . . . . . . 220 Practice makes perfect – Section 10.4
8.3.2 Measuring reaction rate in terms and Section 10.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
of the intended use of the results . . . . . . . . . . 221 Applications – What is hydrogenation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Applications – Galvanization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 A brief history of… Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Practice makes perfect – Section 8.3 . . . . . . . . 225 Review – Chapter 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.4 Average reaction rate and instantaneous Practice makes perfect – Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
reaction rate 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Practice makes perfect – Section 8.4 . . . . . . . . 228
A brief history of… Food preservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Review – Chapter 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Practice makes perfect – Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
CHEMICAL
CHAPTER 9 COLLISION THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
EQUILIBRIUM
9.1 Types of collisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
9.1.1 Orientation of reactants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
9.1.2 Activation energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
9.2 Reaction mechanism explained ORGANIZATION CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
by collision theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
CHAPTER 11 THE QUALITATIVE ASPECT
9.2.1 Simple reaction using
OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . 277
collision theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
11.1 Static equilibrium and
9.2.2 Complex reaction using
dynamic equilibrium 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
collision theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
11.1.1 Phase or "physical" equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . 278
Review – Chapter 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
11.1.2 Solubility equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Practice makes perfect – Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
VI Table of Contents For a detailed list of laboratories and demonstrations see page VIII