Public Health Research Methods for Partnerships and Practice

361 Pages·2018·10.399 MB·English

by  Goodman, Melody S., Thompson, Vetta L. Sanders

Public Health Research
Methods for Partnerships
and Practice
Melody S. Goodman and
Vetta Sanders Thompson
First published 2018
by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Goodman, Melody S., editor. | Thompson, Vetta L. Sanders, editor.
Title: Public health research methods for partnerships and practice / edited by
Melody S. Goodman and Vetta Sanders Thompson.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017019520| ISBN 9781498785068 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781315155722 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Research Design | Public Health Systems Research--methods |
Qualitative Research | Community-Based Participatory Research
Classification: LCC RA440.85 | NLM WA 20.5 | DDC 362.1072--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017019520
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the Routledge Web site at
http://www.routledgementalhealth.com
This book is dedicated to the CRFT Fellows past, present, and
future. To those who look to build, develop, and nurture equitable
community–academic partnerships to address health disparities.
Contents
Acknowledgments x
Contributors xi
Introduction xiii
1 Community-based participatory research 1
VETTA SANDERS THOMPSON AND SULA HOOD
Introduction 1
Definitions of community 3
History of CBPR 4
CBPR implementation 6
Conclusions 15
Online resources 16
References 16
Activity 1: Group discussion 17
Activity 2: Group problem solving and planning 18
2 H ealth disparities—Understanding how social determinants
fuel racial/ethnic health disparities 23
DARRELL HUDSON, WHITNEY SEWELL, AND TANYA FUNCHESS
Introduction 23
Prioritizing health 24
Defining health disparities 25
Racial/ ethnic disparities in population health indicators 25
Social determinants of health—The roots of health inequities 29
Race/ ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and health disparities 31
Stress and coping 33
Health behaviors, social context, and social norms 34
Towards achieving health equity 37
Contents v
Conclusions 42
References 42
Activity: The Last Straw! 47
3 Community health and community-based prevention 50
DEBORAH J. BOWEN AND CASSANDRA ENZLER
Introduction 50
Community analysis methods 52
How to use community analysis data 64
Engaging community members in the process 65
Identifying the health problems to target 66
Identifying the history of a community 66
Playing to a community’s strengths 66
Avoiding difficult areas 67
Conclusions 67
References 68
Activity: Develop and evaluate a community health grant 69
4 Introduction to epidemiology 73
CASSANDRA ARROYO
Introduction 73
What is epidemiology? 74
Basic epidemiologic reasoning 76
Study design in epidemiology 77
Determining causality in observational studies 82
Basic epidemiologic measures 83
Conclusions 86
References 87
Activity 88
5 Cultural competency 91
VICTORIA WALKER AND VETTA SANDERS THOMPSON
Introduction 91
Race, ethnicity, and nationality 92
Culture in a broader context 92
An ever-changing culture 93
Diversity and culture 93
Cultural competence 94
Who should practice cultural competency? 96
The need for culturally competent research and practice 96
vi Contents
Health disparities 99
Social determinants of health and critical race theory 99
Conscious and unconscious bias 101
Consequences of culturally incompetent interventions 101
Implementing practice standards related to cultural competence 101
Conclusions 104
References 104
Activity 107
6 Health literacy 115
KIMBERLY A. KAPHINGST
Introduction 115
Definition of health literacy 116
Levels of health literacy in the United States 116
Effects of health literacy 116
Measurement of health literacy 119
Recommendations for materials development 121
Research example: Health literacy and genetics 122
Conclusions 123
References 124
Activity 128
7 Evidence-based public health 132
SANDRA C. HAYES
What is evidence-based public health? 132
Why is EBPH important? 133
Using data and information systems systematically 134
Making decisions using the best available data 134
Qualitative methods 138
Quantitative methods 138
Applying program-planning frameworks (that often have
a foundation in behavioral science theory) 138
The logic model as a planning tool 139
Engaging the community in assessment and decision-making 139
Conducting sound evaluations to determine programmatic success 139
Disseminating what is learned to key stakeholders 143
Levels of evidence 143
Concerns 144
How does EBPH practice differ from evidence-based medical
practice? 145
Future of EBPH 146
Contents vii
Conclusions 146
References 147
Activity 149
8 Program planning and evaluation 153
KRISTEN WAGNER, SHA-LAI WILLIAMS,
AND VETTA SANDERS THOMPSON
Introduction 153
Program planning processes 154
SMART goal development 158
Developing your evaluation plan 162
Selecting an evaluation method 164
Program design and evaluation considerations 166
Making sense of evaluation data 167
Writing evaluation reports 168
Conclusions 169
References 170
Activity 171
9 Research methods 174
BETTINA F. DRAKE, DANIELLE M. RANCILIO, AND JEWEL D. STAFFORD
Introduction 174
What is research? 175
The source of research questions 178
Independent and dependent variables 178
What is an association? 180
How data are gathered 181
Quantitative vs. qualitative 181
Data collection methods 181
Primary vs. secondary data 182
How to design a study 183
Conclusions 184
References 185
Summary activity 185
10 Quantitative research methods 188
MELODY S. GOODMAN AND LEI ZHANG
Introduction 188
Sampling methods 192
Data 195
Survey methods 197
viii Contents
Questionnaire design 198
Analyzing survey data 202
Graphic methods 202
Hypothesis testing 208
Odds ratio 211
Conclusions 214
References 214
Activity 215
11 R oles, functions, and examples of qualitative research
and methods for social science research 220
KEON L. GILBERT AND SUSAN MAYFIELD-JOHNSON
Introduction 220
What is qualitative research? 221
Qualitative data collection methods 222
Reporting qualitative findings 233
Conclusions 234
References 235
12 Research ethics 239
AIMEE JAMES AND ANKE WINTER
Introduction: What do we mean by research ethics? 239
Historical milestones in research ethics 240
The three basic principles of the Belmont Report and their translation
into research practice 243
Protection of vulnerable populations 246
Roles and responsibilities of the institutional review board 246
Responsible conduct of research and research misconduct 247
Ethical and not-so-ethical practice in research 250
Conclusions 253
References 253
Small group discussion questions 254
13 Health services and health policy research 258
KIMBERLY R. ENARD, TERRI LAWS, AND KEITH ELDER
Introduction 258
Social determinants of health 259
Role of health policy in influencing health 260
Health services research 267
Conclusions 273
References 273
Contents ix
Activity 276
Example: Opioid overdose deaths 277
14 Developing a grant proposal 280
JEWEL D. STAFFORD
Introduction 280
First things first: Why are you looking for a grant? 281
So you want to write a grant… 282
Finding the appropriate grant 285
Outline your plan of action 286
Grant proposal components 288
Conclusions 295
References 296
Activity 1: Analyze an abstract 296
Activity 2: Develop a grant pitch 297
15 C hanging health outcomes through community-driven
processes: Implications for practice and research 301
KEON L. GILBERT, STEPHANIE M. MCCLURE, AND MARY SHAW-RIDLEY
Introduction 301
Structuring community engagement processes 303
Building capacity for community change 305
Participation and membership in organizations 306
Building community and organizational capacity 308
Conclusions 310
References 311
Group discussion activity 313
Conclusion: CRFT program implementation and evaluation 316
MELODY S. GOODMAN AND VETTA SANDERS THOMPSON
Program implementation 316
Program evaluation 320
Evaluation metrics 322
Pilot projects and other program outcomes 322
Conclusions 325
References 325
Appendix: Self-assessment answer key 328
Index 333