Ptolemy I and the transformation of Egypt, 404-282 BCE

259 Pages·2018·2.457 MB·English

by  Cromwell, Jennifer, McKechnie, Paul

PtolemyIandtheTransformationofEgypt,404–282BCE
Mnemosyne
Supplements
history and archaeology
of classical antiquity
SeriesEditor
HansvanWees(UniversityCollegeLondon)
AssociateEditors
JanPaulCrielaard(VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam)
BenetSalway(UniversityCollegeLondon)
volume 415
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/mns‑haca
Ptolemy I and the Transformation
of Egypt, 404–282 BCE
Editedby
PaulMcKechnie
JenniferA.Cromwell
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Coverimagedescription:Fromleft:ANectaneboIIgoldstaterfromthe350s/340s.APtolemyIstaterissued
inthenameofPhilipIIIofMacedonwhilePtolemywassatrapofEgypt(i.e.between316and310BCE).
Imagespublishedbykindpermissionofwww.cngcoins.com.
Silvertetradrachm(14.28g)mintedbyPtolemyI(305–283BCE).CollectionoftheAustralianCentrefor
AncientNumismaticStudies,MacquarieUniversity(ACANS 05A03).PhotographycourtesyofACANS.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:McKechnie,Paul,1957-editor.|Cromwell,Jennifer,editor.
Title:PtolemyIandthetransformationofEgypt,404-282BCE/editedbyPaul
McKechnie,JenniferA.Cromwell.
Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,2018.|Series:Mnemosynesupplements.
Historyandarchaeologyofclassicalantiquity,ISSN2352-8656;volume415|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018016199(print)|LCCN2018017559(ebook)|
ISBN9789004367623(ebook)|ISBN9789004366961(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Egypt–History–332-30B.C.|Egypt–History–To332B.C.|PtolemyI
Soter,KingofEgypt,-283B.C.
Classification:LCC DT92.P7(ebook)|LCC DT92.P7P852018(print)|
DDC932/.021–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018016199
TypefacefortheLatin,Greek,andCyrillicscripts:“Brill”.Seeanddownload:brill.com/brill‑typeface.
ISSN2352-8656
ISBN978-90-04-36696-1(hardback)
ISBN978-90-04-36762-3(e-book)
Copyright2018byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
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Contents
Preface vii
ListofFiguresandTables ix
NotesonContributors xi
Introduction 1
PaulMcKechnie
1 PtolemyIinEgypt:ContinuityandChange 6
DorothyJ.Thompson
2 TheGreekWars:TheFightforEgypt 27
PaulMcKechnie
3 SoterandtheCalendars 46
†ChrisBennett
4 TheRoleofCoinageinthePoliticalEconomyofFourthCentury
Egypt 70
HenryP.Colburn
5 PharaohandTempleBuildingintheFourthCenturyBCE 120
MartinaMinas-Nerpel
6 TheSatrapSteleofPtolemy:AReassessment 166
BoyoG.Ockinga
7 IdentityandCross-culturalInteractioninEarlyPtolemaicAlexandria:
CremationinContext 199
ThomasLandvatter
IndexofNamesandSubjects 235

Preface
In525BCE,nearPelusium,CambysesandhisPersiansfoughtandroutedthe
armyof Egypt,ledbyPsammenitus(PsamtikIII,lastpharaohof theTwenty-
sixthDynasty),thenlaidsiegetoMemphisandtookcontrolof thecountry.1
Eightyorsoyearslater,Herodotussawamiracle(θῶμαδὲμέγαεἶδον),whichis
tosaythatheheardofitfromlocals(πυθόμενοςπαρὰτῶνἐπιχωρίων):2thePer-
sianskullsleftonthebattlefieldcouldbeholedbythrowingapebbleatthem,
buttheEgyptianskullsfromthesamebattlecouldhardlybebrokenwithalarge
stone.
Egyptians—this is the point of the unreliable story—were resilient. Forty
yearsorsoafterHerodotus’visittoEgypt,theyfoundawayofdepartingfrom
the Persian orbit.The skull-cracking came later, in their resistance to multi-
pleinvasionsoverasixty-yearperiod.Likeanold-timepharaoh,NectaneboI,
longest-reigningandmostpowerfulrulerintheseyears,attributedhissuccess
to his goddess Neith, as stated in the stele from Naucratis and its twin from
Heracleion:3
Sheraisedhismajestyabovemillions,
AppointedhimruleroftheTwoLands;
Sheplacedheruraeusuponhishead,
Capturedforhimthenobles’hearts;
Sheenslavedforhimthepeople’shearts,
Anddestroyedallhisenemies.
MightymonarchguardingEgypt,
CopperwallenclosingEgypt;
Powerfulonewithactivearm,
Swordmasterwhoattacksahost;
Fiery-heartedatseeinghisfoes,
Heartgougerofthetreason-hearted.
Thatsteleitself,however,itswordingechoingtheEgyptof longago,testified
tothechangewhichsurroundedtheTwoLandsandwouldsweepthemalong
withit.Itspurposewastoregulateandtaxtradewiththeoutsideworld—and
1 Hdt.3.10–13.
2 Hdt.3.12.
3 Lichtheim,AncientEgyptianLiterature,86.
viii preface
thatoutsideworldinthe340sbroughtEgyptArtaxerxesIII,“thekingofkings,
thekingofcountries,thekingofthisearth”;4thenin332“Alexander,destroyer
ofthePersians”,5whowasfollowedbyhissuccessorPtolemy.
TheimpactwhichtheoutsideworldhadforgoodandillonEgyptmadethe
fourthcenturyintoaperiodoftransformationforthecountry.Inaconference
at Macquarie University in September 2011, the authors whose work is pub-
lishedinthisvolumemettodiscussthattransformationunderabroadrange
of headings.PredecessorvolumesinthisinformalseriesaremyandPhilippe
Guillaume’sPtolemyIIPhiladelphusandhisWorld(2008),JoachimQuack’sand
AndreaJördens’ÄgyptenzwischeninneremZwistundäußeremDruck(2011)and
KostasBuraselis,MaryStefanou,andDorothyJ.Thompson’sThePtolemies,the
SeaandtheNile(2013).
Jennifer Cromwell and I wish to thank those who were present for their
enthusiasmandtheirforbearance,andDorothyJ.Thompsoninparticularfor
herencouragementandcounsel.WewishtothankMacquarieUniversityfor
accommodating the conference, and the Ian Potter Foundation for a grant
towardsthecosts.
P.McK.
MacquarieUniversity
Sydney,Australia
November2017
Bibliography
Kent,R.G.1950.OldPersian:Grammar,Texts,Lexicon.NewHaven:AmericanOriental
Society.
Lichtheim,M.1980. AncientEgyptianLiteraturevol.3,TheLatePeriod.Berkeley,Los
Angeles,London:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.
4 FromhisinscriptiononthewesternstaircaseofthepalaceofDariusatPersepolis:A3Pa(cf.
Kent,OldPersian,107–115).
5 TheocritusIdyll17.18–19.
List of Figures andTables
Figures
3.1 DriftofPtolemaicDystros1againsttheBabylonianCalendar264–210 54
3.2 BiennialIntercalationvsLunisolarAlignment336–264 55
3.3 TaxyearsandregnalyearsofPtolemyIandPtolemyIIduringthe
coregency 60
3.4 PropertytaxrateinThebes—coregencyvsaccession-baseddating 63
4.1 ARimitationAtheniantetradrachm(ButtreyTypeX),fromtheFayumHoard
(CoinH10.442).AnnArbor,KelseyMuseumofArchaeology1984.01.0330.
ReproducedcourtesyoftheKelseyMuseumofArchaeology,Universityof
Michigan 87
4.2 ARimitationAtheniantetradrachm(ButtreyTypeB),fromtheFayumHoard
(CoinH10.442).AnnArbor,KelseyMuseumofArchaeology1984.01.0042.
ReproducedcourtesyoftheKelseyMuseumofArchaeology,Universityof
Michigan 88
4.3 ARimitationAtheniantetradrachm(ButtreyTypeM),fromtheFayumHoard
(CoinH10.442).AnnArbor,KelseyMuseumofArchaeology1984.01.0041.
ReproducedcourtesyoftheKelseyMuseumofArchaeology,Universityof
Michigan 89
4.4 ARpossibleimitationAtheniantetradrachm(pistyle),fromNablus(CoinH
9.441).AnnArbor,KelseyMuseumofArchaeology85606.Reproducedcourtesy
oftheKelseyMuseumofArchaeology,UniversityofMichigan 91
4.5 AUstaterofTachos.London,BritishMuseum1925,0808.1.Reproducedcourtesy
oftheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum 95
4.6 AUstaterofNectaneboII.London,BritishMuseum1954,1006.1.Reproduced
courtesyoftheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum 96
4.7 ARtetradrachmofArtaxerxesIIIfromCoinH10.244.NewYork,American
NumismaticSociety2008.15.39.ReproducedcourtesyoftheAmerican
NumismaticSociety 100
4.8 ARtetradrachmofSabaces.NewYork,AmericanNumismaticSociety
1944.100.75462.ReproducedcourtesyoftheAmericanNumismatic
Society 101
5.1 MapoftheNileDeltawitharchaeologicalsites(afterArnold,Templesofthe
LastPharaohs,fig.XVIonp.20) 126
5.2 RuinsoftheIseumatBehbeitel-Hagar(photograph:M.Minas-Nerpel) 127
5.3 RuinsofthetempleatBubastis(photograph:D.Rosenow) 129
5.4 MapofUpperEgypt(afterArnold,TemplesoftheLastPharaohs,fig.XVIIIon
p.22) 136
x list of figures and tables
5.5 SphinxavenuelinkingthetemplesofLuxorandKarnak(photograph:
T.L.Sagrillo) 137
5.6 Elkab,enclosurewall(photograph:M.Minas-Nerpel) 138
5.7 Philae,kioskofNectaneboI(photograph:M.Minas-Nerpel) 144
5.8 Elephantine,templeofKhnum,gateofAlexanderIV(photograph:
M.Minas-Nerpel) 148
5.9 Tunael-Gebel,chapelofPtolemyISoter,nowinRoemer-andPelizaeus-
Museum,Hildesheim,inv.no.1883(photograph:Roemer-and
Pelizaeus-MuseumHildesheim) 152
7.1 MapofAlexandriawithlocationsofmajorcemeteries.Fig.28inMcKenzie,The
ArchitectureofAlexandriaandEgypt 201
7.2 ViewofShatbyin2012,focusingonHypogeumA.Photobytheauthor 206
7.3 PlanofShatbycemetery.MainplanfromBreccia,LaNecropolidiSciatbi,Table
A,withtombsinSectionAnumberedaccordingtoearlierplanin1905(‘La
NecropolidiSciatbi’)preliminarypublication 208
7.4 PlanofHypogeumA.FromBreccia,LaNecropolidiSciatbi,Table1,with
labelingredoneforclarity 216
Tables
2.1 ThefightforEgypt:PersianoperationsfromthebeginningofArtaxerxesII’s
reign 31
4.1 Fourthcenturycoinhoards 82
4.2a Fourthcenturyfractionalissuesinsilverbyweight 98
4.2b Fourthcenturyfractionalissuesinbronzebyweight 99
7.1 Objecttypeswithnumberofgravesinwhichtheyappear(“incidences”)in
parentheses,andwhetheratypeappearsinacremationburial,inhumation
burial,ormixed-typecontext.Thetype“vessels”includesallceramicand
alabastervessels;theitalicizedtypesarethedifferentcategoriesofvesselfor
whichafunctioncouldbedeterminedbasedontheShatbysitereport. 212
7.2 HadravasesfromShatbycemetery,arrangedinascendingchronologicalorder.
DerivedfromEnklaar1992:56,table8,withinformationaddedfromelsewhere
inhiswork.Style,shape,painter,anddecorationcategoriesareEnklaar’s,asare
thesuggesteddates.ThecorrespondingcataloguenumberinBreccia,La
NecropolidiSciatbiisincluded.Number19100,markedwitha*,wasfoundin
roomhofHypogeumA. 213
7.3 Associationofcremationandinhumationburialswithagiventombtype.
Tombtypesarecategorizedbyarchitecturetypeandsingleintermentversus
multipleinterment. 214