Table Of ContentPROTOCOLS FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY
WIRELESS NETWORKS
PROTOCOLS FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY
WIRELESS NETWORKS
by
Alessandro Andreadis
Giovanni Giambene
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 0-306-47795-5
Print ISBN: 1-4020-7326-7
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
NewYork, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com
and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
Acknowledgments:
The authors wish to thank Prof. Giuliano Benelli for his continuous
help and encouragement.
Table of contents
PREFACE XI
PART I: MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS AND
TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 1: MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS
SYSTEMS 1
1.1 FREQUENCYDIVISIONMULTIPLEACCESS(FDMA) 2
1.2 TIMEDIVISIONMULTIPLEACCESS(TDMA) 2
1.3 RESOURCE REUSE WITH TDMA AND FDMA 4
1.4 CODEDIVISIONMULTIPLEACCESS(CDMA) 8
1.4.1 DS-CDMA spreading process 11
1.4.2 Basic considerations on the capacity of DS-CDMA systems 13
CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
17
2.1 INTRODUCTIONTO GSM 17
2.1.1 Base station sub-system 17
2.1.2 Network sub-system 18
2.2 GSMSTANDARD EVOLUTION 20
2.3 GPRSNETWORK ARCHITECTURE 22
2.4 GSM-GPRSAIR INTERFACE: DETAILS ON PHYSICAL LAYER 25
2.5 EDGEANDE-GPRS 29
2.6 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS 30
2.7 QOS ISSUES IN THEGPRS SYSTEM 34
2.8 GPRS TYPICAL PROCEDURES 38
2.8.1 GPRS tunneling protocol architecture 40
2.8.2 GPRS protocol stack 42
2.9 GPRSSERVICES 43
CHAPTER 3: 3G MOBILE SYSTEMS 45
3.1 UMTSTRAFFICCLASSES 52
3.2 UMTS ARCHITECTURE DESCRIPTION 55
3.3 UTRAN RESOURCES 65
3.4 UMTS AIR INTERFACE: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHYSICAL LAYER 68
3.4.1 UTRA-FDD physical layer characteristics 69
3.4.2 Mapping of transport channels onto physical channels 80
3.4.3 UTRA-TDD physical layer characteristics 81
3.5 VOICE SERVICE IN UMTS 82
3.6 NEW SERVICE CONCEPTS SUPPORTED BYUMTS 83
3.7 UMTS RELEASES DIFFERENCES 85
viii Protocols for High-Efficiency Wireless Networks
3.7.1 Release '99 85
3.7.2 Release 4 86
3.7.3 Release 5 87
CHAPTER 4:SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 91
4.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 93
4.1.1 Satellite orbit types 93
4.1.2 Frequency bands and signal attenuation 101
4.1.3 Satellite network telecommunication architectures 102
4.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOBILE SATELLITE SYSTEMS 103
4.2.1 Satellite UMTS 104
4.2.2 Future satellite system protocols for high-capacity transmissions 106
4.3 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED MOBILE SATELLITE SYSTEMS 107
CHAPTER 5:MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS BEYOND 3G 115
5.1 REVIEW ON NEW ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 120
5.2 4G VIEW FROM EU RESEARCH PROJECTS 123
PART II: SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES, ACCESS SCHEMES
AND MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS ON RADIO RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT 127
CHAPTER 2:TRAFFIC MODELS 135
2.1 VOICE SOURCES 135
2.2 VIDEOSOURCES 136
2.3 WEB BROWSING SOURCES 139
2.4 SELF-SIMILAR TRAFFIC SOURCES 143
2.5 DATA TRAFFIC SOURCES 146
2.6 CHANNEL MODELS 147
CHAPTER 3:RRM IN GPRS 151
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF LAYER 2 PROTOCOLS OF GPRS 151
3.2 MEDIUM ACCESS MODES 152
3.3 TERMINAL STATES AND TRANSFER MODES 153
3.4 ACCESS TECHNIQUES 154
3.4.1 P-persistent access procedure 155
3.4.2 One- and two-phase access procedures 156
3.4.3 Queuing and polling procedures 156
3.4.4 Paging procedure 157
3.4.5 A detailed example of a one-phase access procedure 157
3.5 GPRSPERFORMANCE EVALUATION 160
CHAPTER 4: RRM IN WCDMA 165
Protocols for High-Efficiency Wireless Networks ix
4.1 ADOPTED MODELS 169
4.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED RRM SCHEME 170
4.3 SIMULATION RESULTS 172
CHAPTER 5: RRM IN UTRA-TDD 175
5.1 RADIO INTERFACE PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE: DETAILS 176
5.2 TRANSPORT AND PHYSICAL CHANNELS 177
5.2.1 Spreading for downlink and uplink physical channels 180
5.2.2 Multiplexing, channel coding and interleaving 183
5.3 MAC LAYER 183
5.3.1 MAC services and functions 187
5.4 RLC SERVICES AND FUNCTIONS 188
5.5 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FORDSCH 190
5.5.1 Resource allocation and UE identification on DSCH 192
5.5.2 DSCH model in UTRAN 192
5.6 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR PACKET TRAFFIC OVER UTRA-TDD 193
5.6.1 Study assumptions 196
5.6.2 The proposed RRM scheme 200
5.6.3 Simulation results 201
CHAPTER 6:RRMIN WIRELESS MICROCELLULAR SYSTEMS 205
6.1 ATB-PPROTOCOLDESCRIPTION 207
6.2 ATB-PPERFORMANCEEVALUATION 211
CHAPTER 7: RRM IN LEO-MSSS 217
7.1 THE CLASSICAL PRMA PROTOCOL IN LEO-MSSS 217
7.2 PRMA WITHHINDERINGSTATES(PRMA-HS) 219
7.3 MODIFIEDPRMA (MPRMA) 219
7.4 DRAMA PROTOCOL 220
7.5 PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS 223
CHAPTER 8: ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR RRM ANALYSIS AND FINAL
CONSIDERATIONS ON RRM TECHNIQUES 227
8.1 STABILITY STUDY OF PACKET ACCESS SCHEMES 227
8.2 ANALYSIS OF ROUNDROBIN TRAFFIC SCHEDULING 234
8.3 2-MMPP TRAFFIC DELAY ANALYSIS 238
8.4 LESSONS LEARNED ON RRM STRATEGIES 241
CHAPTER 9: A FIRST SOLUTION TOWARDS THE MOBILE INTERNET:
THE WAP PROTOCOL 245
9.1 INTRODUCTION TO WAP 245
9.2 WAP ARCHITECTURE 246
9.3 WAP PROTOCOL STACK 249
9.3.1 Bearers for WAP on the air interface 251
9.4 TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS FOR WAP 252
CHAPTER 10: THE MOBILE INTERNET 257
10.1 IP AND MOBILITY 257
x Protocols for High-Efficiency Wireless Networks
10.1.1 Mobile IP 258
10.1.2 Micro-mobility and the Cellular IP approach 259
10.2 WIRELESS TCP 263
10.2.1 Mechanisms for improving wireless TCP performance on error-
prone channels 264
10.2.2 End-to-end approach 265
10.2.3 Split-connection approach 266
10.2.4 Link layer approach 266
10.2.5 A final comparison 267
REFERENCES 269
BOOK INDEX 283
Preface
Radio transmissions have opened new frontiers allowing the exchange
of information with remote units. From the first applications of
telegraphy and radio broadcast, wireless transmissions have obtained a
great success with the widespread diffusion of mobile communications.
We live in the communication era, where any kind of information must
be easy accessible to any user at any time. Mobile communication
systems are the technical support that allows the realization of such
concepts.
With the term mobile communications we embrace a set of
technologies for radio transmissions, network protocols, mobile
terminals and network elements.
The widespread diffusion of wireless communications is making
national borders irrelevant in the design, delivery and billing of
services, thus requiring international coordination of standardization
efforts in order to evolve regional systems towards global ones.
Parallel to the evolution of radio-mobile systems, we assist to the
massive diffusion of Internet network and contents, thus allowing many
users on the earth to be interconnected and to exchange any kind of
information, data, images and so on.
Hence, there is a quick convergence of mobile communications and
Internet, i.e., mobile computing (see Fig. 1).
xii Protocols for High-Efficiency Wireless Networks
The first cellular systems became operational at the beginning of 1980
(first-generation, 1G). They employed analog techniques and rapidly
diffused with each country having its own system. A first evolution was
achieved 10 years later by the adoption of digital standards (second-
generation, 2G). Presently, we are assisting to the deployment of third-
generation mobile cellular systems (3G) that under umbrella
recommendations collect at least three different standards. They are
intended to provide the users with high bit-rate transmissions so as to
allow a fast access to the Internet and, in general, multimedia
transmissions on the move [i],[ii].
In some European countries and in Japan the widespread diffusion of
mobile communications has reached the point to surpass the number of
wired phones. This is an important achievement that significantly
highlights the diffusion of mobile communication systems.
