Table Of ContentMechanical Engineering Series
Frederick F. Ling
Series Editor
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Mechanical Engineering Series
J. Angeles, Fundamentals ofRobotic Mechanical Systems:
Theory, Methods, and Aigorithms
P. Basu, C. Kefa, and L. Jestin, Boilers and Burners: Design and Theory
J.M. Berthelot, Composite Materials:
Mechanical Behavior and Structural Analysis
I.J. Busch-Vishniac, Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators
J. Chakrabarty, Applied Plasticity
G. Chryssolouris, Laser Machining: Theory and Practice
V.N. Constantinescu, Laminar Viscous Flow
G.A. Costello, Theory ofWire Rope, 2nd ed.
K. Czolczynski, Rotordynamics of Gas-Lubricated Journal Bearing Systems
M.S. Darlow, Balancing ofHigh-Speed Machinery
J.F. Doyle, Wave Propagation in Structures:
Spectral Analysis Using Fast Discrete Fourier Transforms, 2nd ed.
P.A. Engel, Structural Analysis ofPrinted Circuit Board Systems
A.C. Fischer-Cripps, Introduction to Contact Mechanics
J. Garcia de Jalon and E. Bayo, Kinematic and Dynamic Simulation of
Multibody Systems: The Real-Time Challenge
W.K. Gawronski, Dynamics and Control of Structures: A Modal Approach
K.C. Gupta, Mechanics and Control of Robots
J. Ida and J.P .A. Bastos, Electromagnetics and Calculations of Fields
M. Kaviany, Principles of Convective Heat Transfer, 2nd ed.
M. Kaviany, Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media, 2nd ed.
E.N. Kuznetsov, Underconstrained Structural Systems
P. Ladeveze, Nonlinear Computational Structural Mechanics:
New Approaches and Non-Incremental Methods of Calculation
A. Lawrence, Modern Inertial Technology: Navigation, Guidance, and
Control, 2nd ed.
R.A. Layton, Principles of Analytical System Dynamics
C.V. Madhusudana, Thermal Contact Conductance
(continued after index)
Massoud Kaviany
Principles of
Convective Heat Transfer
Second Edition
With 378 Figures
, Springer
Massoud Kaviany
Department of Mechanical Engineering
and Applied Mechanies
University of Michigan
2250 GG Brown
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA
Series Editor
Frederick F. Ling
Emest F. Gloyna Regents Chair in Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX 78712-1063, USA
and
William Howard Hart Professor Emeritus
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kaviany, M. (Massoud)
Principles of convective heat transfer / Massoud Kaviany. - 2nd ed.
p. cm. - (MechanicaI engineering series.)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4419-2894-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-3488-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-3488-1
1. Heat-Transmission. 2. Heat--Convection. 1. Title. II. Mechanical engineering series
(Berlin, Germany)
TJ260 .K288 2001
621.4022--dc21 00-047095
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 2001, 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 2001.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 200 I
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the
written permission of the publisher Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,
except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. U se
in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the
former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by
the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Production managed by Timothy Taylor; manufacturing supervised by Jeffrey Taub.
Photocomposed copy prepared using the author' s TEX files.
9 8 7 6 5 432 1
SPIN 10785199
To my wife Mitra and my daughters Saara and Parisa
Series Preface
Mechanical engineering, an engineering discipline born of the needs of the
Industrial Revolution, is on ce again asked to do its substantial share in the
call for industrial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face the pro
found issues of productivity and competitiveness that require engineering
solutions, among others. The Mechanical Engineering Series is a new series,
featuring graduate texts and research monographs, intended to address the
need for information in contemporary areas of mechanical engineering.
The series is conceived as a comprehensive one that will cover a broad
range of concentrations important to mechanical engineering graduate edu
cation and research. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of con
sulting editors, each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The
names of the consulting editors are listed on the first page of the volume.
The areas of concentration are applied mechanics, biomechanics, compu
tational mechanics, dynamic systems and control, energetics, mechanics of
materials, processing, thermal science, and tribology.
Professor Bergles, the consulting editor for thermal science, and I are
pleased to present this volume of the series: Principles of Convective Heat
Transfer by Professor Kaviany. The selection of this volume underscores
again the interest of the Mechanical Engineering Series in providing our
readers with topical monographs as weIl as graduate texts.
Austin, Texas Frederick F. Ling
vii
Preface to the
Second Edition
Convective heat transfer continues to playa role in heat transfer analysis.
The objective of the First Edition, to provide a broad, graduate-Ievel cov
erage of the fundament als and contemporary research in convective heat
transfer, remains the same. The emphasis of the First Edition on the pres
ence of multiple phases, phase change, and chemical reaction (and other
energy-conversion mechanisms) in these nonisothermal streams has proven
to be ever relevant.
In the Second Edition, the references have been updated and typograph
ical errors have been corrected. Some discussions have been slightly ex
panded to make a bette r connection with the content of the introductory
heat transfer courses. The illustrations have also been improved and their
symbols have been made compatible with those in the text.
Ann Arbor, Michigan Massoud Kaviany
IX
Preface to the
First Edition
Convective heat transfer is a result of the simultaneous presence of a fluid
flow and a temperature gradient. The velo city field and the temperature
gradient may be present within a single phase, as in exo-or endothermically
reacting flows, or may be present within two or more neighboring phases,
as in nonisothermal multiphase flows (which may include phase change).
Therefore, the convective heat transfer can be intramedium (or intraphasic)
or intermedium (or interfacial). In most cases the heat transfer also causes
or influences the fluid motion through the changes in the thermophysical
properties.
The objective of this monograph is to review, in a concise and unified
manner, the contributions made to the principles of the convective heat
transfer for single- and multiphase flow systems (including phase change
and chemical reaction). The aim is to summarize the role of the various
mechanisms, to discuss the governing differential equations (including the
practical needs for their simplijication, approximation, and phenomenolog
ical modeling), and to examine some of their solutions in order to demon
strate their applications and to gain furt her insight. The available semi
empirical treatments and comparison of the predicted and experimental
results are also discussed.
The approach used is to first review (Chapter 1) some of the preliminar
ies, such as the molecular approach to the prediction of the thermophysical
properties and phase transitions, the heat transfer aspects and the flow
structure of multiphase flows, pointwise conservation equations, the prin
ciples of time and space averaging, the local thermal equilibrium or lack
of it among the phases, and the various effects of heat transfer on the
fluid motion. The need in practice for simplification, approximation, and
modeling is addressed, and the development and the judicial use of the
phenomenological models (with some empiricisms) are discussed. Then,
based on the number of phases and the presence or lack of the local ther
mal equilibrium, the discussion is divided into three parts. Part I deals
xi
xii Preface
with the single-medium treatments, addressing the intraphase heat trans
fer in single-phase fiows (Chapter 2) and the intramedium heat transfer in
two-phase fiow systems with loeal thermal equilibrium (Chapter 3). Part II
deals with the two-medium treatments of two-phase fiows. The interphasic
heat transfer is due to the lack of loeal thermal equilibrium between the
phases, where in Chapter 4 the solid and fluid phases are both continu
ous and with small volumetrie interfaeial areas. In Chapter 5 the solid-fluid
volumetrie interfaeial area is large, and the solid phase is continuous or dis
persed; in Chapter 6 the heat transfer is between two fluids. Part III deals
with the three-medium treatments of three-phase systems with Chapter 7
addressing the solid-solid-fluid systems and with Chapter 8 addressing the
solid-liquid-gas systems. A deseription of each chapter is given below.
In Chapter 1, after a short review of the applications and the history of
eonveetive heat transfer, the scope of the monograph is outlined. The ther
mophysical properties of the three states of the matter are diseussed, using
the results of equilibrium classical and statistical (i.e., molecular) thermo
dynamies and from the nonequilibrium molecular theory (i.e., the kinetic
theory). The phase transitions, including metastable states and multicompo
nent systems, are diseussed next. The fiow and heat transfer in multiphase
(two- and three-phase) flows are diseussed, and the role of the confining and
submerged solid surfaees is addressed. Then the conservation equations for
overall mass, species, momentum, and energy (thermal and mechanieal),
written for the most elementary volume (i.e., a single-phase eontinuum),
are reviewed. The time and spatial averaging of these differential eonserva
tiün equatiüns required für practical treatment üftransient, multiphase, and
multidimensional problems are discussed next. In multiphase fiow and heat
transfer, the ass ump ti on of local thermal equilibrium among the phases,
whieh, when valid, simplifies the analysis signifieantly, is examined. The
need for both rigorous and approximate (i.e., empiricism and modeling)
treatments of multiphase systems, for gaining insight into the transport
phenomena and for obtaining solutions with reasonable effort, is addressed,
and an example is given. Intramedium versus interfacial heat transfer is
addressed next by pointing to the practieal intramedium eonveetive heat
transfer problems oeeurring in a single-phase system and in a multiphase
system treated as a single medium. The fiuid motion caused or influenced
by the temperature gradient resulting from heat transfer is diseussed. This
gradient eauses gradients in density (resulting in thermobuoyant fiows or
in thermoacoustics), surfaee tension (resulting in thermocapillary fiows), or
eleetrieal eonductivity (resulting in electrothermal eonveetion). These and
the ehanges in other thermophysieal properties are reviewed.
Chapter 2 addresses intraphasie eonveetive heat transfer in single-phase
flows. The fiow and heat transfer in compressible fiows, with examples
of the temperature structure of a shock wave and the attenuation of a
thermoacoustic wave, are diseussed. Reacting flows, that is, premixed and
